Stability of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Acalypha indica L. Plant Extract as Bioreductor and Their Potential as Anticancer Agents Against T47D Cells
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Keywords:
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Nanoparticle, Acalypha indica L., Plant Extract, Anticancer, Breast Cancer Cells
Abstract
This work investigates the anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against T47D cells as well as the stability of AgNPs manufactured using extract from Acalypha indica L. used as a bioreductant. The plant extract was used to produce and stabilize AgNPs, and stability was tracked for 30 days using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Particle Size Analysis (PSA), which included evaluations of extended sun exposure. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the size and shape of the nanoparticles, and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to determine which functional groups were responsible for stabilization. Despite a gradual size increase, the AgNPs remained stable throughout the study period. The MTT assay confirmed their potent cytotoxicity against T47D cells, underscoring the potential of Acalypha indica-derived AgNPs as stable and effective agents for cancer therapy, offering a promising alternative for novel anticancer treatments.
References
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Basak, P., R. Majumder, A. Jasu, S. Paul, and S. Biswas (2018). Potential Therapeutic Activity of Bio-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 410; 012020.
Belzile-Dugas, E. and M. J. Eisenberg (2021). Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Review of an Underrecognized Pathology. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(18); e021686.
Bian, Y., K. Kim, T. Ngo, I. Kim, O. Bae, K. Lim, and J. Chung (2019). Silver Nanoparticles Promote Procoagulant Activity of Red Blood Cells: A Potential Risk of Thrombosis in Susceptible Population. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 16(1); 9.
Calcaterra, I., G. Iannuzzo, F. Dell’Aquila, and M. N. D. Di Minno (2020). Pathophysiological Role of Synovitis in Hemophilic Arthropathy Development: A Two-Hit Hypothesis. Frontiers in Physiology, 11; 541.
Calvo, P., C. Remunan-Lopez, J. L. Vila-Jato, and M. J. Alonso (1997). Novel Hydrophilic Chitosan-Polyethylene Oxide Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 63(1); 125–132.
Chaaban, H., I. Ioannou, C. Paris, C. Charbonnel, and M. Ghoul (2017). The Photostability of Flavanones, Flavonols and Flavones and Evolution of Their Antioxidant Activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 336; 131–139.
Chen, L. Q., L. Fang, J. Ling, C. Z. Ding, B. Kang, and C. Z. Huang (2015). Nanotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles to Red Blood Cells: Size Dependent Adsorption, Uptake, and Hemolytic Activity. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 28(3); 501–509.
Chen, X. and H. J. Schluesener (2008). Nanosilver: A Nanoproduct in Medical Application. Toxicology Letters, 176(1); 1–12.
Chouhan, N. (2018). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications. In Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. InTech.
Dzoyem, J. P., R. T. Tchuenguem, J. Iqbal, M. A. Yameen, A. Mannan, I. Shahzadi, T. Ismail, N. Fatima, and G. Murtaza (2022). Anticandidal Activity of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Extract Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles of Euphorbia prostata. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 50(1); 188–197.
El-Refai, A. A., G. Ghoniem, A. Y. El-Khateeb, and M. M. Hassaan (2018). Cytotoxicity of Aqueous Garlic and Ginger Metal Nanoparticles Extracts against Tumor Cell Lines “In Vitro”. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 9(2); 51–58.
Farah, M. A., M. A. Ali, S. Chen, Y. Li, F. M. Al-Hemaid, F. M. Abou-Tarboush, K. M. Al-Anazi, and J. Lee (2016). Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Adenium obesum leaf extract induced DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy via generation of reactive oxygen species. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 141; 158–169.
Felimban, A. I., N. S. Alharbi, and N. S. Alsubhi (2022). Optimization, Characterization, and Anticancer Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Olea europaea. International Journal of Biomaterials, 1; 6859637.
Fiddaroini, S., K. Indu, S. Amalia, I. O. Wulandari, A. Mulyasuryani, L. Dinira, and A. Sabarudin (2023). Cottonwood Honey (Ceiba pentandra) as Bioreductor for Preparation of AgNPs-mediated Chitosan-based Hand Gel Sanitizer. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(12); 5573–5580.
Guilger-Casagrande, M. and R. d. Lima (2019). Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi: A Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7; 128.
Hamad, M. T. (2019). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Fungi and Their Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(2); 1015–1024.
Heidari, Z., A. Salehzadeh, S. A. Sadat Shandiz, and S. Tajdoost (2018). Anti-Cancer and Anti-Oxidant Properties of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Thymus vulgaris and Its Bio-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles. 3 Biotech, 8(3); 177.
Huang, H., W. Lai, M. Cui, L. Liang, Y. Lin, Q. Fang, Y. Liu, and L. Xie (2016). An Evaluation of Blood Compatibility of Silver Nanoparticles. Scientific Reports, 6(1); 25518.
Ibrahim, E., H. Fouad, M. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Qiu, C. Yan, B. Li, J. Mo, and J. Chen (2019). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria and Their Role in Inhibition of Rice Pathogenic Bacteria and Plant Growth Promotion. RSC Advances, 9(50); 29293–29299.
Jeyaraj, M., A. Renganathan, G. Sathishkumar, A. Ganapathi, and K. Premkumar (2015). Biogenic Metal Nanoformulations Induce Bax/Bcl2 and Caspase Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7). RSC Advances, 5(3); 2159–2166.
Kitimu, S., P. Kirira, and J. Sokei (2022). Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Methanolic Bark Extract and Their Anti-Proliferative Activities against DU-145 Human Prostate Cancer Cells. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2; 64–72.
Lava, M. B., U. M. Muddapur, N. Basavegowda, S. S. More, and V. S. More (2021). Characterization, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Justica Wynaadensis Leaves Extract. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46; 5942–5947.
Liaqat, N., N. Jahan, K. ur Rahman, T. Anwar, and H. Qureshi (2022). Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity Study by Hemolysis Assay. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10; 952006.
MacCuspie, R. I. (2011). Colloidal Stability of Silver Nanoparticles in Biologically Relevant Conditions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 13(7); 2893–2908.
Mousavi, B., F. Tafvizi, and S. Zaker Bostanabad (2018). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Artemisia turcomanica Leaf Extract and the Study of Anti-Cancer Effect and Apoptosis Induction on Gastric Cancer Cell Line (AGS). Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 46(sup1); 499–510.
Muneer, R., M. R. Hashmet, P. Pourafshary, and M. Shakeel (2023). Unlocking the Power of Artificial Intelligence: Accurate Zeta Potential Prediction Using Machine Learning. Nanomaterials, 13(7); 1209.
Murugesan, A. K., B. Pannerselvam, A. Javee, M. Rajenderan, and D. Thiyagarajan (2021). Facile Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gloriosa superba L. Tuber Extract-Capped Silver Nanoparticles (GST-AgNPs) and Its Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities Against A549 Human Cancer Cells. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15; 100460.
Naveenkumar, S., C. Kamaraj, C. Ragavendran, M. Vaithiyalingam, V. Sugumar, and K. Marimuthu (2023). Gracilaria Corticata Red Seaweed Mediate Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Larvicidal, Neurotoxicity, Molecular Docking Analysis, and Ecofriendly Approach. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(17); 20567–20609.
Nindrea, R. D., I. Dwiprahasto, L. Lazuardi, and T. Aryandono (2023). Development of a Breast Cancer Risk Screening Tool for Women in Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 24; 101446.
Oves, M., M. Ahmar Rauf, M. Aslam, H. A. Qari, H. Sonbol, I. Ahmad, G. Sarwar Zaman, and M. Saeed (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Conocarpus lancifolius Plant Extract and Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(1); 460–471.
Pal, I., V. P. Brahmkhatri, S. Bera, D. Bhattacharyya, Y. Quirishi, A. Bhunia, and H. S. Atreya (2016). Enhanced Stability and Activity of an Antimicrobial Peptide in Conjugation with Silver Nanoparticle. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 483; 385–393.
Rahman, M. F., A. Aulanni, A. Sabarudin, S. M. Ulfa, E. Setiawan, and M. Masruri (2023). Metabolites Analysis of the Marine Sponge Callyspongia affinis from Kangean Island as a Potential Source for Anticancer Candidates. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13(5); 136–143.
Rahman, M. F., M. N. Haykal, N. A. Siagian, P. M. Sriepindonta, and N. A. Tampubolon (2018). Synthesis and Proapoptotic Activity on Cervical Cancer Cell of Ester Eugenol 1-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy)phenyl-2-propylmethanoate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 299; 012071.
Ravi, S., B. Shanmugam, G. V. Subbaiah, S. H. Prasad, and K. S. Reddy (2017). Identification of Food Preservative, Stress Relief Compounds by GC–MS and HR-LC/QTOF/MS; Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Acalypha indica Leaves Methanolic Extract (In Vitro) and Polyphenolic Fraction (In Vivo). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(6); 1585–1596.
Rujanapun, N., S. Aueviriyavit, S. Boonrungsiman, A. Rosena, D. Phummiratch, S. Riolueang, N. Chalaow, V. Viprakasit, and R. Maniratanachote (2015). Human Primary Erythroid Cells as a More Sensitive Alternative In Vitro Hematological Model for Nanotoxicity Studies: Toxicological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles. Toxicology in Vitro, 29(8); 1982–1992.
Sahukari, R., J. Punabaka, S. Bhasha, V. S. Ganjikunta, S. Kondeti Ramudu, S. R. Kesireddy, W. Ye, and M. Korivi (2021). Phytochemical Profile, Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Acalypha indica Root Extract: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules, 26(20); 6251.
Siegel, R. L., A. N. Giaquinto, and A. Jemal (2024). Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(1); 12–49.
Sritharan, S. and N. Sivalingam (2021). A Comprehensive Review on Time-Tested Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin. Life Sciences, 278; 119527.
Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, and F. Bray (2021). Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3); 209–249.
Tantra, R., P. Schulze, and P. Quincey (2010). Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Zeta-Potential Measurement Results and Reproducibility. Particuology, 8(3); 279–285.
World Health Organization (2020). WHO Methods and Data Sources for Country-level Causes of Death 2000-2019. World Health Organization.
Wulandari, I. O., B. E. Pebriatin, V. Valiana, S. Hadisaputra, A. D. Ananto, and A. Sabarudin (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Coated by Water Soluble Chitosan and Its Potency as Non-Alcoholic Hand Sanitizer Formulation. Materials, 15(13); 4641.
Xu, L., Y.-Y. Wang, J. Huang, C. Chen, Z. Wang, and H. Xie (2020). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Medical Applications and Biosafety. Theranostics, 10(20); 8996–9031.
Yesilot, S. and C. Aydın Acar (2019). Silver Nanoparticles; A New Hope in Cancer Therapy? Eastern Journal Of Medicine, 24(1); 111–116.
Yoon, K., J. Hoon Byeon, J. Park, and J. Hwang (2007). Susceptibility Constants of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to Silver and Copper Nanoparticles. Science of The Total Environment, 373(2–3); 572–575.
Alkan, H., I. H. Cigerci, M. M. Ali, O. Hazman, R. Liman, F. Cola, and E. Bonciu (2022). Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Evaluation of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Moringa Oleifera on MCF-7 and HUVEC Cell Lines. Plants, 11(10); 1293.
Assylbekova, G., H. F. Alotaibi, S. Yegemberdiyeva, A. Suigenbayeva, M. Sataev, S. Koshkarbaeva, P. Abdurazova, S. Sakibayeva, and P. Prokopovich (2022). Sunlight Induced Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulose for the Preparation of Antimicrobial Textiles. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 11; 100134.
Aziz, N., M. Faraz, M. A. Sherwani, T. Fatma, and R. Prasad (2019). Illuminating the Anticancerous Efficacy of a New Fungal Chassis for Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7(6); 5.
Basak, P., R. Majumder, A. Jasu, S. Paul, and S. Biswas (2018). Potential Therapeutic Activity of Bio-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 410; 012020.
Belzile-Dugas, E. and M. J. Eisenberg (2021). Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Disease: Review of an Underrecognized Pathology. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(18); e021686.
Bian, Y., K. Kim, T. Ngo, I. Kim, O. Bae, K. Lim, and J. Chung (2019). Silver Nanoparticles Promote Procoagulant Activity of Red Blood Cells: A Potential Risk of Thrombosis in Susceptible Population. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 16(1); 9.
Calcaterra, I., G. Iannuzzo, F. Dell’Aquila, and M. N. D. Di Minno (2020). Pathophysiological Role of Synovitis in Hemophilic Arthropathy Development: A Two-Hit Hypothesis. Frontiers in Physiology, 11; 541.
Calvo, P., C. Remunan-Lopez, J. L. Vila-Jato, and M. J. Alonso (1997). Novel Hydrophilic Chitosan-Polyethylene Oxide Nanoparticles as Protein Carriers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 63(1); 125–132.
Chaaban, H., I. Ioannou, C. Paris, C. Charbonnel, and M. Ghoul (2017). The Photostability of Flavanones, Flavonols and Flavones and Evolution of Their Antioxidant Activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 336; 131–139.
Chen, L. Q., L. Fang, J. Ling, C. Z. Ding, B. Kang, and C. Z. Huang (2015). Nanotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles to Red Blood Cells: Size Dependent Adsorption, Uptake, and Hemolytic Activity. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 28(3); 501–509.
Chen, X. and H. J. Schluesener (2008). Nanosilver: A Nanoproduct in Medical Application. Toxicology Letters, 176(1); 1–12.
Chouhan, N. (2018). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications. In Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. InTech.
Dzoyem, J. P., R. T. Tchuenguem, J. Iqbal, M. A. Yameen, A. Mannan, I. Shahzadi, T. Ismail, N. Fatima, and G. Murtaza (2022). Anticandidal Activity of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Extract Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles of Euphorbia prostata. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 50(1); 188–197.
El-Refai, A. A., G. Ghoniem, A. Y. El-Khateeb, and M. M. Hassaan (2018). Cytotoxicity of Aqueous Garlic and Ginger Metal Nanoparticles Extracts against Tumor Cell Lines “In Vitro”. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 9(2); 51–58.
Farah, M. A., M. A. Ali, S. Chen, Y. Li, F. M. Al-Hemaid, F. M. Abou-Tarboush, K. M. Al-Anazi, and J. Lee (2016). Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Adenium obesum leaf extract induced DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy via generation of reactive oxygen species. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 141; 158–169.
Felimban, A. I., N. S. Alharbi, and N. S. Alsubhi (2022). Optimization, Characterization, and Anticancer Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Olea europaea. International Journal of Biomaterials, 1; 6859637.
Fiddaroini, S., K. Indu, S. Amalia, I. O. Wulandari, A. Mulyasuryani, L. Dinira, and A. Sabarudin (2023). Cottonwood Honey (Ceiba pentandra) as Bioreductor for Preparation of AgNPs-mediated Chitosan-based Hand Gel Sanitizer. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(12); 5573–5580.
Guilger-Casagrande, M. and R. d. Lima (2019). Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Fungi: A Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7; 128.
Hamad, M. T. (2019). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Fungi and Their Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(2); 1015–1024.
Heidari, Z., A. Salehzadeh, S. A. Sadat Shandiz, and S. Tajdoost (2018). Anti-Cancer and Anti-Oxidant Properties of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Thymus vulgaris and Its Bio-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles. 3 Biotech, 8(3); 177.
Huang, H., W. Lai, M. Cui, L. Liang, Y. Lin, Q. Fang, Y. Liu, and L. Xie (2016). An Evaluation of Blood Compatibility of Silver Nanoparticles. Scientific Reports, 6(1); 25518.
Ibrahim, E., H. Fouad, M. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Qiu, C. Yan, B. Li, J. Mo, and J. Chen (2019). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria and Their Role in Inhibition of Rice Pathogenic Bacteria and Plant Growth Promotion. RSC Advances, 9(50); 29293–29299.
Jeyaraj, M., A. Renganathan, G. Sathishkumar, A. Ganapathi, and K. Premkumar (2015). Biogenic Metal Nanoformulations Induce Bax/Bcl2 and Caspase Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7). RSC Advances, 5(3); 2159–2166.
Kitimu, S., P. Kirira, and J. Sokei (2022). Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Methanolic Bark Extract and Their Anti-Proliferative Activities against DU-145 Human Prostate Cancer Cells. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2; 64–72.
Lava, M. B., U. M. Muddapur, N. Basavegowda, S. S. More, and V. S. More (2021). Characterization, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Justica Wynaadensis Leaves Extract. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46; 5942–5947.
Liaqat, N., N. Jahan, K. ur Rahman, T. Anwar, and H. Qureshi (2022). Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity Study by Hemolysis Assay. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10; 952006.
MacCuspie, R. I. (2011). Colloidal Stability of Silver Nanoparticles in Biologically Relevant Conditions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 13(7); 2893–2908.
Mousavi, B., F. Tafvizi, and S. Zaker Bostanabad (2018). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Artemisia turcomanica Leaf Extract and the Study of Anti-Cancer Effect and Apoptosis Induction on Gastric Cancer Cell Line (AGS). Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 46(sup1); 499–510.
Muneer, R., M. R. Hashmet, P. Pourafshary, and M. Shakeel (2023). Unlocking the Power of Artificial Intelligence: Accurate Zeta Potential Prediction Using Machine Learning. Nanomaterials, 13(7); 1209.
Murugesan, A. K., B. Pannerselvam, A. Javee, M. Rajenderan, and D. Thiyagarajan (2021). Facile Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gloriosa superba L. Tuber Extract-Capped Silver Nanoparticles (GST-AgNPs) and Its Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities Against A549 Human Cancer Cells. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15; 100460.
Naveenkumar, S., C. Kamaraj, C. Ragavendran, M. Vaithiyalingam, V. Sugumar, and K. Marimuthu (2023). Gracilaria Corticata Red Seaweed Mediate Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Larvicidal, Neurotoxicity, Molecular Docking Analysis, and Ecofriendly Approach. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(17); 20567–20609.
Nindrea, R. D., I. Dwiprahasto, L. Lazuardi, and T. Aryandono (2023). Development of a Breast Cancer Risk Screening Tool for Women in Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 24; 101446.
Oves, M., M. Ahmar Rauf, M. Aslam, H. A. Qari, H. Sonbol, I. Ahmad, G. Sarwar Zaman, and M. Saeed (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Conocarpus lancifolius Plant Extract and Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(1); 460–471.
Pal, I., V. P. Brahmkhatri, S. Bera, D. Bhattacharyya, Y. Quirishi, A. Bhunia, and H. S. Atreya (2016). Enhanced Stability and Activity of an Antimicrobial Peptide in Conjugation with Silver Nanoparticle. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 483; 385–393.
Rahman, M. F., A. Aulanni, A. Sabarudin, S. M. Ulfa, E. Setiawan, and M. Masruri (2023). Metabolites Analysis of the Marine Sponge Callyspongia affinis from Kangean Island as a Potential Source for Anticancer Candidates. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 13(5); 136–143.
Rahman, M. F., M. N. Haykal, N. A. Siagian, P. M. Sriepindonta, and N. A. Tampubolon (2018). Synthesis and Proapoptotic Activity on Cervical Cancer Cell of Ester Eugenol 1-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy)phenyl-2-propylmethanoate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 299; 012071.
Ravi, S., B. Shanmugam, G. V. Subbaiah, S. H. Prasad, and K. S. Reddy (2017). Identification of Food Preservative, Stress Relief Compounds by GC–MS and HR-LC/QTOF/MS; Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Acalypha indica Leaves Methanolic Extract (In Vitro) and Polyphenolic Fraction (In Vivo). Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(6); 1585–1596.
Rujanapun, N., S. Aueviriyavit, S. Boonrungsiman, A. Rosena, D. Phummiratch, S. Riolueang, N. Chalaow, V. Viprakasit, and R. Maniratanachote (2015). Human Primary Erythroid Cells as a More Sensitive Alternative In Vitro Hematological Model for Nanotoxicity Studies: Toxicological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles. Toxicology in Vitro, 29(8); 1982–1992.
Sahukari, R., J. Punabaka, S. Bhasha, V. S. Ganjikunta, S. Kondeti Ramudu, S. R. Kesireddy, W. Ye, and M. Korivi (2021). Phytochemical Profile, Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Acalypha indica Root Extract: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules, 26(20); 6251.
Siegel, R. L., A. N. Giaquinto, and A. Jemal (2024). Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(1); 12–49.
Sritharan, S. and N. Sivalingam (2021). A Comprehensive Review on Time-Tested Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin. Life Sciences, 278; 119527.
Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, and F. Bray (2021). Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3); 209–249.
Tantra, R., P. Schulze, and P. Quincey (2010). Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Zeta-Potential Measurement Results and Reproducibility. Particuology, 8(3); 279–285.
World Health Organization (2020). WHO Methods and Data Sources for Country-level Causes of Death 2000-2019. World Health Organization.
Wulandari, I. O., B. E. Pebriatin, V. Valiana, S. Hadisaputra, A. D. Ananto, and A. Sabarudin (2022). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Coated by Water Soluble Chitosan and Its Potency as Non-Alcoholic Hand Sanitizer Formulation. Materials, 15(13); 4641.
Xu, L., Y.-Y. Wang, J. Huang, C. Chen, Z. Wang, and H. Xie (2020). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Medical Applications and Biosafety. Theranostics, 10(20); 8996–9031.
Yesilot, S. and C. Aydın Acar (2019). Silver Nanoparticles; A New Hope in Cancer Therapy? Eastern Journal Of Medicine, 24(1); 111–116.
Yoon, K., J. Hoon Byeon, J. Park, and J. Hwang (2007). Susceptibility Constants of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to Silver and Copper Nanoparticles. Science of The Total Environment, 373(2–3); 572–575.
Authors
Madaniyah, L., Fiddaroini, S. ., Hayati, E. K., Rahman, M. F. ., & Sabarudin, A. (2025). Stability of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Acalypha indica L. Plant Extract as Bioreductor and Their Potential as Anticancer Agents Against T47D Cells. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.101-110
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.