Nichrome Dependency in Welding Layer Using In situ Fabrication on Hardness and Corrosion Properties
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Keywords:
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Alloys, Dilution, Welding Process, Martensite, Corrosion Rate
Abstract
The use of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) equipment to synthesize alloys is one of the most promising methods as it can be used for in-situ fabrication. The hardness and corrosion properties of the deposited layer during the welding process can be enhanced by dilution of nichrome (NiCr) during the process. Therefore, the alloy was synthesized on the surface of the mild steel using SMAW equipment with various NiCr additions. The properties of the alloy were investigated using an X-ray diffraction (XRD), an Optical microscope, a Potentiostat, and a Vickers hardness apparatus. The appearance of martensite overlaps with the ferrite phase could be affected by the addition of NiCr to the alloy. An increase in NiCr content is followed by an increase in the lattice parameter value of the ferrite phase. The presence of a certain amount of nickel (Ni) contributes to the formation of lower transformation phases, including martensite. At the same time, the incorporation of chromium (Cr) also plays a significant role in promoting the formation of acicular ferrite. An increase in NiCr content in NiCr2 and NiCr3 samples results in a quantitative increase in martensite formation. Adding 0.434 g of NiCr to the weld deposited layer could result in the corrosion rate of the alloy being 0.1118 mm/y. Higher hardness is found in the NiCr3 sample, around 742.06 HV.
References
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Li, Z., Y. Zhang, K. Dong, and Z. Zhang (2022). Research Progress of Fe-Based Superelastic Alloys. Crystals, 12(5); 602
Liu, P., J. Y. Hu, H. X. Li, S. Y. Sun, and Y. B. Zhang (2020). Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of 7075 Al Alloys Fabricated by Slm. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 60; 578–585
Ma, Y., D. Cuiuri, C. Shen, H. Li, and Z. Pan (2015). Effect of Interpass Temperature on In-situ Alloying and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminides Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Additive Manufacturing, 8; 71–77
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Nikko Steel (2014). Manufacturers Of A Diverse Range Of Advanced Welding Consumables. https://www.nikkosteel.co.id/
Okechukwu, C., O. A. Dahunsi, P. K. Oke, I. O. Oladele, and M. Dauda (2018). Review on Hardfacing As Method of Improving the Service Life of Critical Components Subjected to Wear in Service. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(4); 1095
Pauzi, G. A., A. S. Samosir, S. R. Sulistiyanti, and W. Simanjuntak (2023). Electrochemical Performance of Galvanic Cell with Silver Coated Cathode in One Compartment System Using Seawater as Electrolyte. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(1); 25–31
Saeedi, R., R. Shoja Razavi, S. R. Bakhshi, M. Erfanmanesh, and A. Ahmadi Bani (2021). Optimization and Characterization of Laser Cladding of Nicr and NiCr–TiC Composite Coatings on AISI 420 Stainless Steel. Ceramics International, 47(3); 4097–4110
Singh, J., S. S. Chatha, and B. S. Sidhu (2020). Effect of Surface Alloying on Wear Behaviour of EN 47 Steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 21; 1340–1349
Soliz, A., D. Guzmán, L. Cáceres, and F. M. G. Madrid (2022). Electrochemical Kinetic Analysis of Carbon Steel Powders Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling. Metals, 12(4); 665
Sopiyan, Syaripuddin, A. Ahmad, D. Nanto, S. D. Yudanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2024). Enhancement In The Hardness And Corrosion Resistance Of Mild Steel Surfaces By Nickel-Chromium Addition And Rapid Cooling After Welding. Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 27(6); 2655–2666
Syamsuir, B. Soegijono, S. D. Yudanto, B. Basori, M. K. Ajiriyanto, D. Nanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2023). Electrolyte Temperature Dependency of Electrodeposited Nickel in Sulfate Solution on the Hardness and Corrosion Behaviors. International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects, 36(6); 1193–1200
Syaripuddin, Sopiyan, S. Aditya, S. D. Yudanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2023). Synthesis of Hard Layer by Titanium Addition During Welding Process and Quenched Directly. International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects, 36(03); 532–539
Tanaka, T., N. Maruyama, N. Nakamura, and A. J. Wilkinson (2020). Tetragonality of Fe-C Martensite - a Pattern Matching Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis Compared to X-Ray Diffraction. Acta Materialia, 195; 728–738
Umale, T., D. Salas, B. Tomes, R. Arroyave, and I. Karaman (2019). The Effects of Wide Range of Compositional Changes on the Martensitic Transformation Characteristics of Nitihf Shape Memory Alloys. Scripta Materialia, 161; 78–83
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Wang, X., Y. Tao, X. Yang, Y. Deng, D. Zhu, D. Dong, and T. Ma (2023b). Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Hardness of CoCrCuFeNi Alloy under High-Pressure Solidification. Intermetallics, 154(November); 107778
Wang, Y., Q. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Zhong, and Q. B. Bui (2015). Preparation of Ni-W-SiO2 Nanocomposite Coating and Evaluation of Its Hardness and Corrosion Resistance. Ceramics International, 41(1); 79–84
Wang, Y. L., Q. Wang, H. J. Liu, and C. L. Zeng (2016). Effect of Grain Refinement on the Corrosion of Ni-Cr Alloys in Molten (Li,Na,K)F. Corrosion Science, 109; 43–49
Wang, Z., Z. Feng, and L. Zhang (2020). Effect of High Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior and Passive Film Composition of 316 L Stainless Steel in High H2S-Containing Environments. Corrosion Science, 174; 108844
Xu, Q., J. Zhang, C. Mao, X. Li, F. Guo, M. Zhang, and P. Peng (2022). Cu-Induced Enhancement of Interfacial Bonding for Brazed Diamond Grits with Ni-Cr Filler Alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 106; 105874
Yi, Y., J. Xing, H. Jiang, S. Long, and Q. Wang (2023). Effect of Ni Content on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Abrasion Behavior of Fe-B-C Alloy. Tribology Transactions, 66(2); 238–248
Zhang, M., L. Li, J. Ding, Q. Wu, Y. D. Wang, J. Almer, and Y. Ren (2017). Temperature-Dependent Micromechanical Behavior of Medium-Mn Transformation-Induced-Plasticity Steel Studied by In situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. Acta Materialia, 141; 294–303
Cano, H., I. Díaz, D. de la Fuente, B. Chico, and M. Morcillo (2018). Effect of Cu, Cr and Ni Alloying Elements on Mechanical Properties and Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Weathering Steels in Marine Atmospheres of Different Aggressivities. Materials and Corrosion, 69(1); 8–19
Chen, H., Z. Lv, L. Lu, Y. Huang, and X. Li (2021). Correlation of Micro-Galvanic Corrosion Behavior with Corrosion Rate in the Initial Corrosion Process of Dual Phase Steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15; 3310–3320
Dagdag, O., Z. Safi, N. Wazzan, H. Erramli, L. Guo, A. M. Mkadmh, and A. El Harfi (2020). Highly Functionalized Epoxy Macromolecule as an Anti-Corrosive Material for Carbon Steel: Computational (DFT, MDS), Surface (SEM-EDS) and Electrochemical (OCP, PDP, EIS) Studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 302; 112535
Das, B., K. Sawrav, S. B. Singh, and P. P. Bandyopadhyay (2021). Tribological Behaviour of the Hardfacing Alloys Utilised to Fabricate the Wear Parts of an Excavator Bucket. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing, 99(3); 153–161
de Almeida, M. R. H., E. P. Barbano, M. G. Zacarin, M. M. de Brito, P. C. Túlio, and I. A. Carlos (2016). Electrodeposition of CuZn Films from Free-of-Cyanide Alkaline Baths Containing EDTA as Complexing Agent. Surface and Coatings Technology, 287; 103–112
Durmuşoğlu, Ş., M. Türker, and M. Tosun (2015). Effect of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of GMA-Welded HY-80 Steels. Materialpruefung/Materials Testing, 57(10); 866–871
Faria, D., P. Brito, P. A. Ramos, L. P. Resende, and D. António (2019). Experimental Investigation of Cooling Behavior and Residual Stresses for Quenching with Vegetable Oils at Different Bath Temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 216; 230–238
Galchenko, N., S. Raskoshniy, B. Dampilon, and K. Kolesnikova (2019). Features of Crystallization of Welded Seams from Diverse Materials at Electron Beam Welding on the Example of Highly Steel and Copper. In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 2167. pages 020110–1–020110–4
Huang, S., D. Sun, and W. Wang (2015). Microstructures and Properties of Ni Based Composite Coatings Prepared by Plasma Spray Welding with Mixed Powders. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 52; 36–43
Jorge, L. D. J., V. S. Cândido, A. C. R. D. Silva, F. D. C. Garcia Filho, A. C. Pereira, F. S. D. Luz, and S. N. Monteiro (2018). Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SMAW Welded and Thermically Treated HSLA-80 Steel. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 7(4); 598–605
Justus Panicker, C. T. and V. Senthilkumar (2023). Rotational Arc Based Dual Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Low Alloy Steel with Nichrome Inclusions for Improved Mechanical Properties. Materials Letters, 332; 133498
Katiyar, P. K., S. Misra, and K. Mondal (2019). Comparative Corrosion Behavior of Five Microstructures (Pearlite, Bainite, Martensite, Austenite, and Ferrite) of a 0.4% Carbon Steel in Dilute Sulfuric Acid. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 50(3); 1218–1232
Kong, H., C. Xu, C. Bu, C. Da, J. Luan, Z. Jiao, G. Chen, and C. Liu (2019). Hardening Mechanisms and Impact Toughening of a High-Strength Steel Containing Low Ni and Cu Additions. Acta Materialia, 172; 150–160
Kumar, S., M. Kumar, and A. Handa (2020). Erosion Corrosion Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Sprayed Ni-Cr and Ni-Al Coating on Boiler Steels in a Real Boiler Environment. Materials at High Temperatures, 37(6); 370–384
Kuptsov, K., M. Antonyuk, A. Bondarev, A. Sheveyko, and D. Shtansky (2021). Electrospark Deposition of Wear and Corrosion Resistant Ta (Zr) C-(Fe, Mo, Ni) Coatings to Protect Stainless Steel from Tribocorrosion in Seawater. Wear, 486(August); 204094
Lee, H.-j. and H.-w. Lee (2015). Effect of Cr Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel Welds. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 10(10); 8028–8040
Li, Y. J., T.-S. Dong, B. G. Fu, G. L. Li, and Q. Liu (2021). Study of the Microstructure and Properties of Cold Sprayed Nicr Coating. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(12); 9067–9077
Li, Z., Y. Zhang, K. Dong, and Z. Zhang (2022). Research Progress of Fe-Based Superelastic Alloys. Crystals, 12(5); 602
Liu, P., J. Y. Hu, H. X. Li, S. Y. Sun, and Y. B. Zhang (2020). Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of 7075 Al Alloys Fabricated by Slm. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 60; 578–585
Ma, Y., D. Cuiuri, C. Shen, H. Li, and Z. Pan (2015). Effect of Interpass Temperature on In-situ Alloying and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Aluminides Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Additive Manufacturing, 8; 71–77
Nady, H., M. M. El-Rabiei, and M. Samy (2017). Corrosion Behavior and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Steel, Commercial Pure Titanium, Copper and Copper–Aluminum–Nickel Alloy in 3.5% Sodium Chloride Containing Sulfide Ions. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(1); 79–94
Nikitasari, A., G. Priyotomo, A. Royani, and S. Sundjono (2022). Exploration of Eucheuma Seaweed Algae Extract as a Novel Green Corrosion Inhibitor for API 5L Carbon Steel in Hydrochlorid Acid Medium. International Journal of Engineering, 35(6); 1209–1216
Nikko Steel (2014). Manufacturers Of A Diverse Range Of Advanced Welding Consumables. https://www.nikkosteel.co.id/
Okechukwu, C., O. A. Dahunsi, P. K. Oke, I. O. Oladele, and M. Dauda (2018). Review on Hardfacing As Method of Improving the Service Life of Critical Components Subjected to Wear in Service. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(4); 1095
Pauzi, G. A., A. S. Samosir, S. R. Sulistiyanti, and W. Simanjuntak (2023). Electrochemical Performance of Galvanic Cell with Silver Coated Cathode in One Compartment System Using Seawater as Electrolyte. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(1); 25–31
Saeedi, R., R. Shoja Razavi, S. R. Bakhshi, M. Erfanmanesh, and A. Ahmadi Bani (2021). Optimization and Characterization of Laser Cladding of Nicr and NiCr–TiC Composite Coatings on AISI 420 Stainless Steel. Ceramics International, 47(3); 4097–4110
Singh, J., S. S. Chatha, and B. S. Sidhu (2020). Effect of Surface Alloying on Wear Behaviour of EN 47 Steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 21; 1340–1349
Soliz, A., D. Guzmán, L. Cáceres, and F. M. G. Madrid (2022). Electrochemical Kinetic Analysis of Carbon Steel Powders Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling. Metals, 12(4); 665
Sopiyan, Syaripuddin, A. Ahmad, D. Nanto, S. D. Yudanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2024). Enhancement In The Hardness And Corrosion Resistance Of Mild Steel Surfaces By Nickel-Chromium Addition And Rapid Cooling After Welding. Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 27(6); 2655–2666
Syamsuir, B. Soegijono, S. D. Yudanto, B. Basori, M. K. Ajiriyanto, D. Nanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2023). Electrolyte Temperature Dependency of Electrodeposited Nickel in Sulfate Solution on the Hardness and Corrosion Behaviors. International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects, 36(6); 1193–1200
Syaripuddin, Sopiyan, S. Aditya, S. D. Yudanto, and F. B. Susetyo (2023). Synthesis of Hard Layer by Titanium Addition During Welding Process and Quenched Directly. International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects, 36(03); 532–539
Tanaka, T., N. Maruyama, N. Nakamura, and A. J. Wilkinson (2020). Tetragonality of Fe-C Martensite - a Pattern Matching Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis Compared to X-Ray Diffraction. Acta Materialia, 195; 728–738
Umale, T., D. Salas, B. Tomes, R. Arroyave, and I. Karaman (2019). The Effects of Wide Range of Compositional Changes on the Martensitic Transformation Characteristics of Nitihf Shape Memory Alloys. Scripta Materialia, 161; 78–83
Wang, P., L. Zhang, Z. Cheng, H. Xiong, R. Zuo, Y. Jiu, and D. Xu (2023a). Effect of Y on Interface Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Brazed Diamond with Ni-Cr Filler Alloy. Diamond and Related Materials, 132; 109645
Wang, X., Y. Tao, X. Yang, Y. Deng, D. Zhu, D. Dong, and T. Ma (2023b). Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Hardness of CoCrCuFeNi Alloy under High-Pressure Solidification. Intermetallics, 154(November); 107778
Wang, Y., Q. Zhou, K. Li, Q. Zhong, and Q. B. Bui (2015). Preparation of Ni-W-SiO2 Nanocomposite Coating and Evaluation of Its Hardness and Corrosion Resistance. Ceramics International, 41(1); 79–84
Wang, Y. L., Q. Wang, H. J. Liu, and C. L. Zeng (2016). Effect of Grain Refinement on the Corrosion of Ni-Cr Alloys in Molten (Li,Na,K)F. Corrosion Science, 109; 43–49
Wang, Z., Z. Feng, and L. Zhang (2020). Effect of High Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior and Passive Film Composition of 316 L Stainless Steel in High H2S-Containing Environments. Corrosion Science, 174; 108844
Xu, Q., J. Zhang, C. Mao, X. Li, F. Guo, M. Zhang, and P. Peng (2022). Cu-Induced Enhancement of Interfacial Bonding for Brazed Diamond Grits with Ni-Cr Filler Alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 106; 105874
Yi, Y., J. Xing, H. Jiang, S. Long, and Q. Wang (2023). Effect of Ni Content on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Abrasion Behavior of Fe-B-C Alloy. Tribology Transactions, 66(2); 238–248
Zhang, M., L. Li, J. Ding, Q. Wu, Y. D. Wang, J. Almer, and Y. Ren (2017). Temperature-Dependent Micromechanical Behavior of Medium-Mn Transformation-Induced-Plasticity Steel Studied by In situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. Acta Materialia, 141; 294–303
Authors
Syaripuddin, Sopiyan, Muhammad Fauzan Perdana Putra, Maman Kartaman Ajiriyanto, Sigit Dwi Yudanto, Muhammad Yunan Hasbi, & Susetyo, F. B. (2024). Nichrome Dependency in Welding Layer Using In situ Fabrication on Hardness and Corrosion Properties. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3), 651–659. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.651-659
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