Profiling of Active Compounds of Extract Ethanol, n-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate and Fraction Ethanol of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and Determination of Total Flavonoids, Total Phenolics and Their Potential as Antioxidants
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Keywords:
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Star Anise, Antioxidant, Total Flavonoid Content, Total Phenolic Content
Abstract
Profiling of chemical compounds on star anise extract and fractions showed the content and looked for active compounds. The main compounds in alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and triterpenoid forms were identified based on phytochemical screening. FTIR and GC-MS analysis were used to purify the extract and fractions’ main compounds. After analyzing the main components of extract and fractions, a correlation was made between the total phenolic and flavonoid content. The total phenolic content was determined by adding folincalteau complexing solution converted to gallic acid equivalent (GAE), while the total flavonoid content was determined by AlCl3 complexing solution converted to Quercetin Equivalent (QE). The total phenolic yields for extract ethanol, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and fraction ethanol were obtained at 106.45, 52.30, 93.46, and 148.97 mgGAE/g, respectively. Then the total flavonoid results were 107.45, 58.94, 148.99, 140.01 mgQE/g. The total content of phenolics and flavonoids illustrated the number of active compounds that have a role as free radical scavengers due to their group. Antioxidant activity was tested with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on extracts and fractions, with the best IC50 results obtained in the ethanol fraction 0.416 mg/mL.
References
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Aprotosoaie, A. C., I.-I. Costache, and A. Miron (2016). Anethole and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Drug Discovery from Mother Nature, 929; 247–267
Babbar, N., H. S. Oberoi, S. K. Sandhu, and V. K. Bhargav (2014). Influence of Different Solvents in Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Vegetable Residues and Their Evaluation as Natural Sources of Antioxidants. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(10); 2568–2575
Chadchan, K. S., S. N. Das, J. G. Jargar, and K. K. Das (2017). A Comparative Study on Anti-Diabetic Effects of Aqueous Trigonella foenum graecum, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, and Cicer arietinum Extracts on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 9(2); 230
Chaudhari, A. K., V. K. Singh, S. Das, B. K. Singh, and N. K. Dubey (2020). Antimicrobial, Aflatoxin B 1 Inhibitory and Lipid Oxidation Suppressing Potential of Anethole-Based Chitosan Nanoemulsion as Novel Preservative for Protection of Stored Maize. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 13(8); 1462–1477
Chen, J., J. Yang, L. Ma, J. Li, N. Shahzad, and C. K. Kim (2020). Structure-Antioxidant Activity Relationship of Methoxy, Phenolic Hydroxyl, and Carboxylic Acid Groups of Phenolic Acids. Scientific Reports, 10(1); 2611
Ghazi, F., A. Rahmat, Z. Yassin, N. S. Ramli, and N. A. Buslima (2012). Determination of Total Polyphenols and Nutritional Composition of Two Different Types of Ficus carica Leaves Cultivated in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(11); 1061
Gulo, K. N., A. D. Saragih, M. A. Raif, and R. Ikhtiari (2021). Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds in Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extract from Citrus sinensis. 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS); 1–6
Herrera-Pool, E., A. L. Ramos-Díaz, M. A. LizardiJiménez, S. Pech-Cohuo, T. Ayora-Talavera, J. C. Cuevas Bernardino, U. García-Cruz, and N. Pacheco (2021). Effect of Solvent Polarity on The Ultrasound Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Habanero Pepper Leaves (Capsicum chinense) and its identification by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 76; 105658
Li, Q., S. Yang, Y. Li, X. Xue, Y. Huang, H. Luo, Y. Zhang, and Z. Lu (2018). Comparative Evaluation of Soluble and Insoluble-Bound Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Two Chinese Mistletoes. Molecules, 23(2); 359
Liang, T., W. Yue, and Q. Li (2010). Comparison of The Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Apocynum venetum L. (Luo-Bu-Ma) Ttwo of Its Alternative Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(11); 4452–4464
Luo, X.-D., M. J. Basile, and E. J. Kennelly (2002). Polyphenolic Antioxidants from The Fruits of Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Star Apple). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(6); 1379-1382
Mahomoodally, M. F. (2013). Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013; 617459
Rao, K. S., N. K. Keshar, and B. Kumar (2012). A Comparative Study of Polyphenolic Composition and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Illicium verum Extracted by Microwave and Soxhlet Extraction Techniques. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 46(3); 228
Sabry, B. A., A. Farouk, and A. N. Badr (2021). Bioactivity Evaluation for Volatiles and Water Extract of Commercialized Star Anise. Heliyon, 7(8); 07721
Sharafan, M., K. Jafernik, H. Ekiert, P. Kubica, R. Kocjan, E. Blicharska, and A. Szopa (2022). Illicium verum (Star Anise) and Trans-Anethole as Valuable Raw Materials for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications. Molecules, 27(3); 650
Sofowora, A., E. Ogunbodede, and A. Onayade (2013). The Role and Place of Medicinal Plants in The Strategies for Disease Prevention. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 10(5); 210–229
Syarifah, Elfita, H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, and A. R. Kurniawati (2022). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Extracts of Syzygium zeylanicum. Science & Technology Indonesia, 7(3); 303–312
Tan, B. L., M. E. Norhaizan, W. P. P. Liew, and H. Sulaiman Rahman (2018). Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress: A Mutual Interplay in Age-Related Diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9; 1162
Valter, R., I. Lombardi, and C. Ramon (2017). In Vitro Screening for Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Extracts. Evi Based Comp Alter Med, 3(1); 631–639
Wang, G. W., W. T. Hu, B. K. Huang, and L. P. Qin (2011). Illicium verum: A Review on Its Botany, Traditional Use, Chemistry and Pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 136(1); 10–20
Wei, L., R. Hua, M. Li, Y. Huang, S. Li, Y. He, and Z. Shen (2014). Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Star Anise Illicium verum Extracts Against Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Adults. Journal of Insect Science, 14(1); 80
Yang, C.-H., F.-R. Chang, H.-W. Chang, S.-M. Wang, M.-C. Hsieh, and L.-Y. Chuang (2012). Investigation of The Antioxidant Activity of Illicium verum Extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(2); 314–324
Yu, C. Y., J. F. Zhang, and T. Wang (2021). Star Anise Essential Oil: Chemical Compound, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Activities: A Review. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 33(1); 1–22
Zidan, N., M. Sakaran, and U. Faridi (2019). Chemical Composition of Illicium verum (Star Anise) Fruit. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical, 6(2); 4138–4144
Authors
Syukur, M., Prahasiwi, M. S. ., Nurkhasanah, Yuliani, S. ., Purwaningsih, Y. ., & Indriyanti, E. . (2023). Profiling of Active Compounds of Extract Ethanol, n-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate and Fraction Ethanol of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and Determination of Total Flavonoids, Total Phenolics and Their Potential as Antioxidants. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.2.219-226
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