Temperature Estimation of Geothermal Systems and Subsurface Model Based on Geochemical of Lake Ranau
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Keywords:
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Geothermal Potential of Lake Ranau, Chemical Geothermometer, Temperature Estimation, Subsurface Model
Abstract
The geothermal potential of the Lake Ranau area comes from the remnants of magmatic activity from Mount Seminung. Geothermal manifestations in this area are in the form of hot springs that are thought to emerge through geological structures. This research aims to determine the approximate temperature of the geothermal system and subsurface model based on the analysis of chemical geothermometer method. The chemical geothermometer method can be used to indirectly predict the temperature of the subsurface geothermal system. Geothermal fluid manifestations in Kota Batu Village were chemically sampled by collecting three samples (LP 1, LP 2, and LP 3) and in Lombok Village by collecting three samples (LP 4, LP 5, and LP 6). Chemical geothermometers used in the research are silica, Na/K, K/Mg and Na-K-Ca geothermometers. The results of chemical geothermometer calculations on 6 samples of geothermal fluid manifestation locations, the estimated temperature of the subsurface geothermal system in the research area ranges from 177.0 - 285.6 0C and is included in the geothermal system with medium to high enthalpy. The subsurface model based on the calculation results of various chemical geothermometers about geothermal system components such as cap rock, reservoir rock, heat source, geological structure, thermal fluid and surface manifestations.
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Spycher, N., L. Peiffer, E. L. Sonnenthal, G. Saldi, M. H. Reed, and B. M. Kennedy (2014). Integrated Multicomponent Solute Geothermometry. Geothermics, 51; 113–123
Sugianto, A. and Y. A. Muttaqin (2011). Magnetotelluric Survey of the Way Selabung Geothermal Area, South Oku Regency, South Sumatra. Technical report
Truesdell, A. H. (1976). Summary of Section III: Geochemical Techniques in Exploration. In Proceedings of the 2nd U.N. Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Utami, Z., A. Putra, Syafitri, and H. Dhia (2019). The Estimation of Geothermal Reservoir Temperature Using Geothermometer Equation in Cubadak Area, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1185; 012018
Wioso, Y. B., Z. Wulandari, and D. Farhansyah (2022). Analyze Characteristic and Potential of Geothermal Energy in Danau Ranau, South Sumatera, Indonesia. In Proceedings PIT IAGI 51st. Makassar, Indonesia, pages 1–6
Zainal, P. A. A., E. Sutriyono, and M. M. Ibrahim (2024). Estimated Geothermal Reservoir Temperature Based on the Silica Geothermometer Method in the Ranau Lake Area and Surrounding Areas. Journal of Science Research, 26(3); 376–380
American Public Health Association (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 23 edition
Aribowo, S., D. Muslim, D. Winantris, M. R. Natawidjaja, and Daryono (2017). Sub-Segmentation of Faults in the Kumering Segment Between Lake Ranau and Suoh Valley, West Lampung. Journal of Environment and Geological Disasters, 8(1); 31–45
Domenico, P. A. and F. W. Schwartz (1998). Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2 edition
Ellis, A. and W. Mahon (1977). Chemistry and Geothermal System. Academic Press, New York
Fournier, R. O. (1977). Chemical Geothermometers and Mixing Models for Geothermal Systems. Geothermics, 5; 41–50
Fournier, R. O. (1979). A Revised Equation for the Na/K Geothermometer. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 3; 221–224
Fournier, R. O. and A. H. Truesdell (1973). An Empirical Na-K-Ca Geothermometer of Natural Water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37; 1255–1275
Geological Agency (2023). Balance Sheet of Mineral, Coal, and Geothermal Resources and Reserves Indonesia’s 2023. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia
Geological Resources Center (2004). Integrated Geology, Geochemistry and Geophysics Report for the Lake Ranau Geothermal Area, West Lampung Regency, South Lampung–OKU Selatan, South Sumatra. Technical report
Giggenbach, W. F. (1988). Geothermal Solute Equilibria: Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca Indicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(12); 2749–2765
Hartati, A. R. Effendie, N. Susyanto, and W. Suryanto (2026). Probabilistic Earthquake Hazard Assessment in Indonesia Using Poisson Model and Spatial Grid Analysis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1); 207–216
Hochstein, M. P. (1990). Classification and Assessment of Geothermal Resources. In Small Geothermal Resources: A Guide to Development and Utilization. UNITAR/UNDP Centre on Small Energy Sources, Rome
Hochstein, M. P. and S. Sudarman (2008). History of Geothermal Exploration in Indonesia. Geothermics, 37(3); 253–257
Ibrahim, M. M., H. Halik, S. N. Jati, and P. A. A. Zainal (2024a). Geochemical Analysis Based Geoindicator for Geothermal Fluid Manifestation in The Ranau Lake Area, South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU), South Sumatra. In International Conference of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Technology. Springer, pages 21–33
Ibrahim, M. M., J. Harnani, S. N. Jati, and R. K. Abiyyu (2024b). Origin of Geothermal Fluids and Reservoir Temperature Estimation Using Isotope Analysis in the Ranau Lake Area, South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU), South Sumatra. Geological Resources Bulletin, 19(3); 161–171
Ibrahim, M. M., R. Pranata, B. S. Nababan, N. Heriani, A. Maharani, A. S. J. Situmorang, D. Puspita, K. P. Landia, and M. S. Harfiandri (2022). Characteristics of Manifestations and Recommendations for Utilizing Geothermal Potential in the Ranau Lake Area, South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU), South Sumatra Province. In Proceedings of the AVoER XIV National Seminar. pages 87–91
Ibrahim, M. M., M. Puspita, D. Andarini, A. G. Marbun, and D. I. Arifianto (2020). Geological Identification and Interpretation Based on Remote Sensing Images of the Ranau Lake Geothermal Area, South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU), South Sumatra. In Proceedings of the 2nd National Seminar on Earth Environmental Engineering, volume 2. pages 21–33
Jiménez, J., M. Á. Marazuela, L. F. Auqué, C. Baquedano, J. Martínez-León, S. Gasco-Cavero, J. C. Santamarta, and A. García-Gil (2026). Multicomponent Solute Geothermometry Coupled with Geochemical Modeling of Secondary Processes in Thermal Waters from Volcanic Islands as a Versatile Tool for Geothermal Exploration: Insights from La Palma (Canary Islands). Geothermics, 136; 103583
Karingithi, C. W. (2009). Chemical Geothermometers for Geothermal Exploration. Short Course IV on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, UNU-GTP, GDC and KenGen
Kasbani (2009). Types of Geothermal Systems in Indonesia and Estimation of Their Energy Potential. Geological Resources Bulletin, 4(3); 23–30
Kelley, C. D., A. Krolick, L. Brunner, A. Burklund, D. Kahn, W. P. Ball, and M. Weber-Shirk (2014). An Affordable Open-Source Turbidimeter. Sensors, 14(4); 7142–7155
Khakim, M. Y. N., T. Tsuji, Erni, A. A. Bama, F. Virgo, M. Irfan, A. K. Affandi, and T. Matsuoka (2023). Monitoring the Muara Laboh Geothermal Field in Indonesia Using the ISBAS Method with Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(4); 626–631
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2024). Performance of the EBTKE Sub-Sector in 2023 and Programs for 2024: Diversification of Biofuel Products and Increased Capacity of Renewable Energy Power Plants. Technical report. Press Release No. 62.Pers/04/SJI/2024
Muraoka, H., M. Takashi, H. Sundhoro, S. Dwipa, Y. Soeda, M. Momita, and K. Shimada (2010). Geothermal Systems Constrained by the Sumatra Fault and Its Pull-Apart Basins in Sumatra, Western Indonesia. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress. Bali, Indonesia, pages 1–9
Nicholson, K. (1993). Geothermal Fluids: Chemistry and Exploration Techniques. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Salih, Q. M. (2024). Developing an Analytical Method Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to Estimate Some Heavy Metals in Medicines, Nutritional Supplements, and Blood. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research, 6(1); 95–101
Saptadji, N. M. (2009). Geothermal Reservoir Characteristics. Training Advanced Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. 6–17
Shalihin, M.G.J., T. Larasati, D. Gentana, D. Adityatama, F.R. Fadhillah, A. I. Mustika, V. R. Chandra, G. B. Permadi, and S. A. Pongtuluran (2024). Overview of Future Geothermal Development Plan in Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 10th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention and Exhibition (IIGCE)
Simmons, S. F. (1988). Geochemistry Lecture Note. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland
Spycher, N., L. Peiffer, E. L. Sonnenthal, G. Saldi, M. H. Reed, and B. M. Kennedy (2014). Integrated Multicomponent Solute Geothermometry. Geothermics, 51; 113–123
Sugianto, A. and Y. A. Muttaqin (2011). Magnetotelluric Survey of the Way Selabung Geothermal Area, South Oku Regency, South Sumatra. Technical report
Truesdell, A. H. (1976). Summary of Section III: Geochemical Techniques in Exploration. In Proceedings of the 2nd U.N. Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Utami, Z., A. Putra, Syafitri, and H. Dhia (2019). The Estimation of Geothermal Reservoir Temperature Using Geothermometer Equation in Cubadak Area, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1185; 012018
Wioso, Y. B., Z. Wulandari, and D. Farhansyah (2022). Analyze Characteristic and Potential of Geothermal Energy in Danau Ranau, South Sumatera, Indonesia. In Proceedings PIT IAGI 51st. Makassar, Indonesia, pages 1–6
Zainal, P. A. A., E. Sutriyono, and M. M. Ibrahim (2024). Estimated Geothermal Reservoir Temperature Based on the Silica Geothermometer Method in the Ranau Lake Area and Surrounding Areas. Journal of Science Research, 26(3); 376–380
Authors
Ibrahim, M. M., Harijoko, A., & Suryanto, W. (2026). Temperature Estimation of Geothermal Systems and Subsurface Model Based on Geochemical of Lake Ranau. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(3), 773–783. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.3.773-783
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