Evaluation of Photocatalytic and Catalytic Activity of Biochar/Nickel for Laboratory Wastewater Treatment
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Keywords:
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Biochar, Magnetic, Microwave-Assisted Reaction, Nickel-Biochar, Photocatalysis
Abstract
In this investigation, an exploration on the use of low-cost effective methods for laboratory wastewater treatment using magnetic biochar has been conducted. Magnetic biochar derived from orange peel waste loaded with nickel nanoparticles (Biochar/Ni) was prepared by pyrolysis procedure of orange peel waste with nickel chloride as nickel precursor at 600 oC for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed for identify the feature of Biochar/Ni. Photocatalytic, photocatalytic oxidation, and microwave-assisted catalytic peroxidation were the treatment procedures employed to evaluate the activity of Biochar/Ni. The results showed the dispersed nickel nanoparticles in the composite are photocatalytic system to produce radicals for decolorizing laboratory wastewater as proven by accelerated oxidation by the addition of H2O2 and S2O82- as oxidants, and inhibition by the addition of radicals and superoxide radical scavengers. In addition, microwave-irradiation intensified catalytic peroxidation with shorter time and higher decolorization efficiency. The greenness evaluation of the process using AGREE software addressed the microwave-assisted catalytic peroxidation as the most efficient procedure utilizing Biochar/Ni for being developed and implemented to organic contaminated wastewater.
References
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Kuruthukulangara, N. and I. V. Asharani (2024). Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B, a Carcinogenic Pollutant, by MgO Nanoparticles. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 160(1); 111873
Lee, J., U. Von Gunten, and J.-H. Kim (2020). Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(6); 3064–3081
Lesbani, A., P. Mega, S. Bahar, N. Siregar, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and F. Riyanti (2021a). Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Zn/Al LDH Modified Rice Husk Biochar. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(4); 3117–3124
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Li, J., T. Liu, and Z. Wang (2024). One-Pot Synthesis of Biochar from Industrial Alkali Lignin with Superior Pb(II) Immobilization Capacity. Molecules, 29(18); 4310
Li, S., Y.Wu, H. Zheng, H. Li, Y. Zheng, J. Nan, J. Ma, D. Nagarajan, and J.-S. Chang (2023). Antibiotics Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Recent Advances in Ecotoxicity and Antibiotic-Resistance Genes Induction of Degradation Products. Chemosphere, 311(1); 136977
Methneni, N., J. A. Morales-González, A. Jaziri, H. B. Mansour, and M. Fernandez-Serrano (2021). Persistent Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in the Effluents from the Textile Dyeing Industries: Ecotoxicology Appraisal Via a Battery of Biotests. Environmental Research, 196; 110956
Moavi, J., F. Buazar, and M. H. Sayahi (2021). Algal Magnetic Nickel Oxide Nanocatalyst in Accelerated Synthesis of Pyridopyrimidine Derivatives. Scientific reports, 11(1); 6296
Moradi, P. and M. Hajjami (2022). Stabilization of Ruthenium on Biochar-Nickel Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous, Practical, Selective, and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Suzuki C–C Coupling Reaction inWater. RSC Advances, 12(21); 13523–13534
Moreno, R., A. Pinheiro, G. Sim, M. Thyrel, J. J. Alcaraz-Espinoza, S. H. Larsson, and H. P. deOliveira (2022). Facile Synthesis of Sustainable Biomass-Derived Porous Biochars as Promising Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications. Nanomaterials, 12(5); 866
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Pena-Pereira, F.,W.Wojnowski, and M. Tobiszewski (2020). AGREE-Analytical Greenness Metric Approach and Software. Analytical Chemistry, 92(14); 10076–10082
Phyu, P., L. Chandana, V. V. S. S. Srikanth, G. Madras, and S. Ch (2023). Biowaste-Derived Ni/NiO-Decorated 2D Biochar for Adsorption of Methyl Orange. Journal of Environmental Management, 344(1); 118418
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Qadariyah, L., D. S. Ryvalda, N. Y. Aditama, V. Aswie, and M. Mahfud (2024). Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) Surfactant Production fromWaste Cooking Oil (WCO) with Microwave Technology. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 929–940
Rahayu, N., N. Juleanti, R. Mohadi, T. Taher, and A. Rachmat (2020). Copper Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Modified by Biochar and Its Application as an Adsorbent for Procion Red. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 18(5); 359–371
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Talebi, P., H. Singh, E. Rani, M. Huttula, and W. Cao (2021). Surface Plasmon-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Ni@NiO/NiCO3 Core–Shell Nanostructures. RSC Advances, 11(5); 2733–2743
Thiruvenkatachari, R., S. Vigneswaran, and I. S. Moon (2008). A Review on Uv/TiO2 Photocatalytic Oxidation Process (Journal Review). Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25(1); 64–72
Tomczyk, A., Z. Sokołowska, and P. Boguta (2020). Biochar Physicochemical Properties: Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Kind Effects. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 19(2); 191–215
Vilas-Boas, A. A., D. Magalhães, R. Gómez-García, D. A. Campos, and M. Correia (2025). Upcycled Orange Peel Ingredients: A Scoping Review on Phytochemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, and Biorefinery Strategies. Foods, 14(21); 3766
Wanapat, M., C. Suriyapha, G. Dagaew, R. Prachumchai, S. Phupaboon, S. Sommai, and M. Matra (2024). The Recycling of Tropical Fruit Peel Waste-Products Applied in Feed Additive for Ruminants: Food Manufacturing Industries, Phytonutrient Properties, Mechanisms, and Future Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 17(1); 101234
Xu, D., X. Song,W. Qi, H.Wang, and Z. Bian (2018). Degradation Mechanism, Kinetics, and Toxicity Investigation of 4-Bromophenol by Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation with Pd Fe/Graphene Catalytic Cathodes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 333(1); 477–485
Xue, C., Y. Mao, W. Wang, Z. Song, X. Zhao, J. Sun, and Y. Wang (2019). Current Status of Applying Microwave-Associated Catalysis for the Degradation of Organics in Aqueous Phase: A Review. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 81(1); 119–135
Yan, Y., S. Manickam, E. Lester, T.Wu, and C. Heng (2021). Synthesis of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Quantum Dots from Miscanthus via Ultrasound-Assisted Mechano-Chemical CrackingMethod. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 73(1); 105519
Yeboah, M. L., X. Li, and S. Zhou (2020). Facile Fabrication of Biochar from Palm Kernel Shell Waste and Its Novel Application to Magnesium-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage. Materials, 13(3); 625
Zulqarnain, S. Kim, D. Chun, J. Yoo, S. J. Yoon, S.-J. Kim, and S.-J. Park (2025). Low-Temperature Steam Reforming of Toluene as a Biomass Tar Model Compound Over Biochar-Supported Catalysts. Biochar, 7(1); 42
Alamgholiloo, H., N. N. Pesyan, S. Badri, and M. Rizehbandi (2026). Developing Ammonium Persulfate Activation by Tri-Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposite for Upgraded Organic Pollutants Degradation. Scientific Reports, 16; 3109
Bao, T., Q.Wang, Y. Jiang, X. Zhao, and Y. Cao (2024). Multicomponent Nanoparticles Decorating a Lignin-Derived Biochar Composite for 2-Nitrophenol Sensing. Crystals, 14; 506
Barría, Y., A. Burbano, A. James, G. Gascó, and A. Méndez (2025). Sorption Capacity of Biochars Obtained by Gasification of Rice Husks and Wild Sugarcane: Removal of Malachite Green and Arsenic fromWater Solutions. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(2); 2131–2143
Bekru, A. G., L. T. Tufa, O. A. Zelekew, M. Goddati, J. Lee, and F. K. Sabir (2022). Green Synthesis of a CuO ZnO Nanocomposite for Efficient Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol. ACS Omega, 7; 30908–30919
Bhakta, A. K., L. Znaidi, E. Blanc, N. Challab, P. Decorse, A. Vega, D. Vrel, S. Ammar, and S. Prasanna (2025). Maple Wood Biochar-Supported Nickel Nanoparticles: One-Pot Synthesis for Simultaneous Removal of Cationic and Anionic Dye Mixture. Next Sustainability, 6; 4–11
El-Nemr, M. A., M. Yılmaz, S. Ragab, and A. El Nemr (2024). Biochar-SO Prepared from Pea Peels by Dehydration with Sulfuric Acid Improves the Adsorption of Cr6+ fromWater. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(2); 2601–2619
Eltaweil, A. S., A. M. Abdelfatah, M. Hosny, and M. Fawzy (2022). Novel Biogenic Synthesis of a Ag@ Biochar Nanocomposite As an Antimicrobial Agent and Photocatalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation. ACS omega, 7(9); 8046–8059
Fan, X., Q. Fu, G. Liu, H. Jia, X. Dong, and Y. Li (2024). ApplyingMolecularOxygen for Organic Pollutant Degradation: Strategies,Mechanisms, and Perspectives. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 22; 100469
Fatimah, I., G. Fadillah, I. Yanti, and R.-a. Doong (2022a). Clay-Supported Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Catalytic AdvancedOxidation Processes: AReview. Nanomaterials, 12(5); 825
Fatimah, I., G. Purwiandono, I. Sahroni, A. Wijayana, M. Faraswati, A. D. Putri, W.-C. Oh, and R.-a. Doong (2022b). Magnetically-Separable Photocatalyst of Magnetic Biochar from Snake Fruit Peel for Rhodamine B Photooxidation. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 17; 100669
Fatimah, I., G. D. Ramanda, S. Sagadevan, Suratno, M. Tamyiz, and R. Doong (2024). One-Pot Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles-Embedded Biochar and Insight on Adsorption, Catalytic Oxidation, and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Dye. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 10; 100767
Fatimah, I., H. K. Wijayanti, G. D. Ramanda, M. Tamyiz, R. Doong, and S. Sagadevan (2022c). Nanocomposite of Nickel Nanoparticles-Impregnated Biochar from Palm Leaves as Highly Active and Magnetic Photocatalyst for Methyl Violet Photocatalytic Oxidation. Molecules, 27; 6871
Fitri, E. S., R. Mohadi, N. R. Palapa, S. A. Rachman, and A. Lesbani (2024). Selective Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Using Magnetic Composites. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 129–136
Fouda, S. H., E. S. A. El-Halim, and H. A. A. Ghany (2025). Radiological and Chemical Hazards of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Textile Sector. Scientific Reports, 15; 3581
Hu, W., X. Zhang, M. Chen, S. T. Rahman, X. Li, and G.Wang (2024). Enhancing Cr(VI) Adsorption of Chestnut Shell Biochar through H3PO4 Activation and Nickel Doping. Molecules, 29; 1022
Hunter, R. D. and J. Ram (2022). Iron-Catalyzed Graphitization for the Synthesis of Nanostructured Graphitic Carbons. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10; 4489–4516
Jahani, F., B. Maleki, M. Mansouri, Z. Noorimotlagh, and S. A. Mirzaee (2023). Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Milkvetch-Derived Biochar Via Zno–Ce Nanoparticle Decoration for Reactive Blue 19 Dye Removal. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 17824
Khan, M. N., M. Siddique, N. Mirza, R. Khan, M. H. Abdellattif, G. E. Batiha, A. Al-Harrasi, and A. Khan (2022). Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Ag-Biochar Composite for Sono-Adsorption of Phenol. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(1); 823656
Kuruthukulangara, N. and I. V. Asharani (2024). Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B, a Carcinogenic Pollutant, by MgO Nanoparticles. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 160(1); 111873
Lee, J., U. Von Gunten, and J.-H. Kim (2020). Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(6); 3064–3081
Lesbani, A., P. Mega, S. Bahar, N. Siregar, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, and F. Riyanti (2021a). Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Zn/Al LDH Modified Rice Husk Biochar. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(4); 3117–3124
Lesbani, A., N. R. Palapa, R. J. Sayeri, T. Taher, and N. Hidayati (2021b). High Reusability of NiAl LDH/Biochar Composite in the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 21(2); 421–434
Li, J., T. Liu, and Z. Wang (2024). One-Pot Synthesis of Biochar from Industrial Alkali Lignin with Superior Pb(II) Immobilization Capacity. Molecules, 29(18); 4310
Li, S., Y.Wu, H. Zheng, H. Li, Y. Zheng, J. Nan, J. Ma, D. Nagarajan, and J.-S. Chang (2023). Antibiotics Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Recent Advances in Ecotoxicity and Antibiotic-Resistance Genes Induction of Degradation Products. Chemosphere, 311(1); 136977
Methneni, N., J. A. Morales-González, A. Jaziri, H. B. Mansour, and M. Fernandez-Serrano (2021). Persistent Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in the Effluents from the Textile Dyeing Industries: Ecotoxicology Appraisal Via a Battery of Biotests. Environmental Research, 196; 110956
Moavi, J., F. Buazar, and M. H. Sayahi (2021). Algal Magnetic Nickel Oxide Nanocatalyst in Accelerated Synthesis of Pyridopyrimidine Derivatives. Scientific reports, 11(1); 6296
Moradi, P. and M. Hajjami (2022). Stabilization of Ruthenium on Biochar-Nickel Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous, Practical, Selective, and Reusable Nanocatalyst for the Suzuki C–C Coupling Reaction inWater. RSC Advances, 12(21); 13523–13534
Moreno, R., A. Pinheiro, G. Sim, M. Thyrel, J. J. Alcaraz-Espinoza, S. H. Larsson, and H. P. deOliveira (2022). Facile Synthesis of Sustainable Biomass-Derived Porous Biochars as Promising Electrode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications. Nanomaterials, 12(5); 866
Palapa, N. R., Z. A. Zahara, R. Mohadi, I. Royani, and A. Lesbani (2024). High Performance of Ni Al/Magnetite Biochar for Methyl Orange Removal in Aqueous Solution. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2); 156–166
Patil, N. P., J. Shaikh, B. P. Kapadnis, and V. B. Gaikwad (2016). Decolourisation of Dyes and Their Mixture by Providencia sp. VNB7 Isolated from Textile Effluent Treatment Plant. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 32(2); 623–628
Pena-Pereira, F.,W.Wojnowski, and M. Tobiszewski (2020). AGREE-Analytical Greenness Metric Approach and Software. Analytical Chemistry, 92(14); 10076–10082
Phyu, P., L. Chandana, V. V. S. S. Srikanth, G. Madras, and S. Ch (2023). Biowaste-Derived Ni/NiO-Decorated 2D Biochar for Adsorption of Methyl Orange. Journal of Environmental Management, 344(1); 118418
Puspita, O. E., M. I. Sulistyowaty, R. Salam, and D. Setyawan (2025). Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: A Green Chemistry Approach for Drug Cocrystals. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4); 1130–1147
Qadariyah, L., D. S. Ryvalda, N. Y. Aditama, V. Aswie, and M. Mahfud (2024). Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) Surfactant Production fromWaste Cooking Oil (WCO) with Microwave Technology. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 929–940
Rahayu, N., N. Juleanti, R. Mohadi, T. Taher, and A. Rachmat (2020). Copper Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Modified by Biochar and Its Application as an Adsorbent for Procion Red. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 18(5); 359–371
Rehman, Z. U., M. Nawaz, H. Ullah, I. Uddin, S. Shad, E. Eldin, R. A. Alshgari, A. Ahmed, A. Bahajjaj,W. U. Arifeen, and M. S. Javed (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Nanoparticles via the Microemulsion Technique and Its Applications for Energy Storage Devices. Materials, 16(1); 325
Talebi, P., H. Singh, E. Rani, M. Huttula, and W. Cao (2021). Surface Plasmon-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Ni@NiO/NiCO3 Core–Shell Nanostructures. RSC Advances, 11(5); 2733–2743
Thiruvenkatachari, R., S. Vigneswaran, and I. S. Moon (2008). A Review on Uv/TiO2 Photocatalytic Oxidation Process (Journal Review). Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 25(1); 64–72
Tomczyk, A., Z. Sokołowska, and P. Boguta (2020). Biochar Physicochemical Properties: Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Kind Effects. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 19(2); 191–215
Vilas-Boas, A. A., D. Magalhães, R. Gómez-García, D. A. Campos, and M. Correia (2025). Upcycled Orange Peel Ingredients: A Scoping Review on Phytochemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, and Biorefinery Strategies. Foods, 14(21); 3766
Wanapat, M., C. Suriyapha, G. Dagaew, R. Prachumchai, S. Phupaboon, S. Sommai, and M. Matra (2024). The Recycling of Tropical Fruit Peel Waste-Products Applied in Feed Additive for Ruminants: Food Manufacturing Industries, Phytonutrient Properties, Mechanisms, and Future Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 17(1); 101234
Xu, D., X. Song,W. Qi, H.Wang, and Z. Bian (2018). Degradation Mechanism, Kinetics, and Toxicity Investigation of 4-Bromophenol by Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation with Pd Fe/Graphene Catalytic Cathodes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 333(1); 477–485
Xue, C., Y. Mao, W. Wang, Z. Song, X. Zhao, J. Sun, and Y. Wang (2019). Current Status of Applying Microwave-Associated Catalysis for the Degradation of Organics in Aqueous Phase: A Review. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 81(1); 119–135
Yan, Y., S. Manickam, E. Lester, T.Wu, and C. Heng (2021). Synthesis of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Quantum Dots from Miscanthus via Ultrasound-Assisted Mechano-Chemical CrackingMethod. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 73(1); 105519
Yeboah, M. L., X. Li, and S. Zhou (2020). Facile Fabrication of Biochar from Palm Kernel Shell Waste and Its Novel Application to Magnesium-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage. Materials, 13(3); 625
Zulqarnain, S. Kim, D. Chun, J. Yoo, S. J. Yoon, S.-J. Kim, and S.-J. Park (2025). Low-Temperature Steam Reforming of Toluene as a Biomass Tar Model Compound Over Biochar-Supported Catalysts. Biochar, 7(1); 42
Authors
Fatimah, I., Solekah, Nurlaela, N. ., Ahmad, Z. ., Rizky, I. T. ., Kamari, A. ., Sagadevan, S. ., & Doong, R.- an . (2026). Evaluation of Photocatalytic and Catalytic Activity of Biochar/Nickel for Laboratory Wastewater Treatment. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 579–595. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.579-595
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.