Thermal Conversion of Coral Waste and its Utilization as Low-Cost Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Biodiesel , CaO , Heterogeneous Catalyst , Waste Coral
Abstract
This study investigates the thermal conversion of waste coral and its utilization as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. In this work, waste coral is calcined at varied temperatures of 800, 900, and 1000°C, and the effect of the calcination temperature on the physicochemical character of the solid is evaluated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and basicity measurement. The results show that the higher temperature facilitates the conversion of CaCO3 of the aragonite and calcite phases in raw waste coral into CaO, achieving a complete conversion at the temperature of 1000°C. Thermal conversion influences the increased surface basicity of the solid, which is associated with the higher activity for biodiesel production. Further studies on the obtained CaO as a catalyst demonstrate the catalyst dosage and the methanol-to-oil ratio as significant factors for fatty acid methyl ester production. The highest yield of 98.7% is achieved after a 3 hours reaction with 8 wt.% catalyst dosage and 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio. The catalyst exhibits stability with an insignificantly decreased yield until the fifth usage cycle. The optimum conditions and reusability features of the calcined waste coral suggest that waste coral is a favorable CaO catalyst source for biodiesel production.
References
Ayodeji, A., I. Blessing, and F. Sunday (2018a). Data on Calcium Oxide and Cow Bone Catalysts Used for Soybean Biodiesel Production. Data in Brief, 18; 512–517
Ayodeji, A., M. Ojewumi, B. Rasheed, and J. Ayodele (2018b). Data on CaO and Eggshell Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production. Data in Brief, 19; 1466–1473
Ayoola, A., O. Fayomi, O. Adeeyo, J. Omodara, and O. Adegbite (2019). Impact Assessment of Biodiesel Production Using CaO Catalyst Obtained from Two Different Sources. Cogent Engineering, 6(1); 1615198
Basumatary, S., S. Brahma, M. Hoque, B. Das, M. Selvaraj, S. Brahma, and S. Basumatary (2023). Advances in CaO-Based Catalysts for Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis. Green Energy & Resources, 1; 100032
Boro, J., L. Konwar, and D. Deka (2014). Transesterification of Non Edible Feedstock with Lithium Incorporated Egg Shell Derived CaO for Biodiesel Production. Fuel Processing Technology, 122; 72–78
Colombo, K. and L. Ender (2017). The Study of Biodiesel Production Using CaO as a Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26; 341–349
Farouk, S., A. Tayeb, S. Abdel-Hamid, and R. Osman (2024). Recent Advances in Transesterification for Sustainable Biodiesel Production, Challenges, and Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31; 12722–12747
Fatimah, I., G. Aulia, W. Puspitasari, R. Nurillahi, L. Sopia, and R. Herianto (2018a). Microwave-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite from Paddy Field Snail (Pila ampullacea) Shell for Adsorption of Bichromate Ion. Sustainable Environment Research, 28; 462–471
Fatimah, I., A. Taushiyah, F. Najah, and U. Azmi (2018b). ZrO2 / Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) Catalyst in Biodiesel Conversion of Rice Bran Oil. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 349. page 012027
Jamil, F., L. Al-Haj, A. Al-Muhtaseb, M. Al-Hinai, M. Baawain, U. Rashid, and M. Ahmad (2018). Current Scenario of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 34; 267–297
Karaosmanog, F. and M. Cctinkaya (2004). Optimization of Base-Catalyzed Transesterification. Energy & Fuels, 18; 1888–1895
Kiprono, J., H. Rutto, and T. Seodigeng (2022). Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst: An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 26; 822–835
Laskar, I., T. Deshmukhya, P. Bhanja, B. Paul, R. Gupta, and S. Chatterjee (2020). Transesterification of Soybean Oil at Room Temperature Using Biowaste as Catalyst; An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Co-Solvent on Biodiesel Yield. Renewable Energy, 162; 98–111
Mahmood, N., K. Marossy, and P. Baumli (2021). Effects of Nanocrystalline Calcium Oxide Particles on Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of EPDM Rubber. Colloid and Polymer Science, 299; 1669–1682
Mathew, G., D. Raina, V. Narisetty, V. Kumar, S. Saran, A. Pugazhendi, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, and P. Binod (2021). Recent Advances in Biodiesel Production: Challenges and Solutions. Science of the Total Environment, 794; 148751
Minaria, M. and R. Mohadi (2016). Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide from Crab Shells (Portunus Pelagicus) and Its Application in Biodiesel Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil, Palm and Coconut Oil. Scientific and Technological Innovations, 1; 1–7
Mohamed, F., M. Shaban, G. Aljohani, and A. Ahmed (2021). Synthesis of Novel Eco-Friendly CaO/C Photocatalyst from Coffee and Eggshell Wastes for Dye Degradation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14; 3140–3149
Moradi, G. and F. Mohammadi (2014). Utilization of Waste Coral for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification of Soybean Oil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11; 805–812
Nassar, A. and N. Alotaibi (2021). Eggshell Recycling for Fabrication of Pd@CaO, Characterization and High-Performance Solar Photocatalytic Activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28; 3515–3523
Ngamcharussrivichai, C., P. Nunthasanti, S. Tanachai, and K. Bunyakiat (2010). Biodiesel Production through Transesterification over Natural Calciums. Fuel Processing Technology, 91; 1409–1415
Niju, S., M. Begum, and N. Anantharaman (2014). Modification of Egg Shell and Its Application in Biodiesel Production. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18; 702–706
Rahman, M. and T. Oomori (2008). Structure, Crystallization and Mineral Composition of Sclerites in the Alcyonarian Coral. Journal of Crystal Growth, 310; 3528–3534
Ramasamy, V., P. Anand, and G. Suresh (2017). Biomimetic Synthesis and Characterization of Precipitated CaCO3 Nanoparticles Using Different Natural Carbonate Sources: A Novel Approach. International Journal of Materials Science, 12; 499–511
Razali, N., N. Jumadi, A. Jalani, N. Kamarulzaman, and K. Pa’ee (2022). Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate in Chicken Eggshells: Study on Temperature and Contact Time. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science, 26; 347–359
Roschat, W., M. Kacha, B. Yoosuk, T. Sudyoadsuk, and V. Promarak (2012). Biodiesel Production Based on Heterogeneous Process Catalyzed by Solid Waste Coral Fragment. Fuel, 98; 194–202
Sahu, S., K. Saikia, B. Gurunathan, A. Dhakshinamoorthy, and S. Rokhum (2023). Green Synthesis of CaO Nanocatalyst Using Watermelon Peels for Biodiesel Production. Molecular Catalysis, 547; 113342
Sevcík, R., P. Sasek, and A. Viani (2018). Physical and Nanomechanical Properties of the Synthetic Anhydrous Crystalline CaCO3 Polymorphs: Vaterite, Aragonite and Calcite. Journal of Materials Science, 53; 4022–4033
Sulaiman, N., A. Yacob, and S. Lee (2020). Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst. Scientific and Technological Innovations, 5; 62–69
Triunfo, C., S. Gärtner, C. Marchini, S. Fermani, G. Maoloni, S. Goffredo, J. Gomez Morales, H. Cölfen, and G. Falini (2022). Recovering and Exploiting Aragonite and Calcite Single Crystals with Biologically Controlled Shapes from Mussel Shells. ACS Omega, 7; 43992–43999
Zhu, Z., Y. Liu, W. Cong, X. Zhao, J. Janaun, T. Wei, and Z. Fang (2021). Soybean Biodiesel Production Using Synergistic CaO/Ag Nano Catalyst: Process Optimization, Kinetic Study, and Economic Evaluation. Industrial Crops and Products, 166; 113479
Zul, N., S. Ganesan, T. Hamidon, W. D. Oh, and M. Hussin (2021). A Review on the Utilization of Calcium Oxide as a Base Catalyst in Biodiesel Production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9; 105741
Zul, N., S. Ganesan, and M. Hussin (2020). Biodiesel Synthesis through Methanolysis of Palm Olein Using Calcium Oxide Catalyst Derived from Staghorn Coral. Journal of Physical Science, 31; 37–55
Ayodeji, A., M. Ojewumi, B. Rasheed, and J. Ayodele (2018b). Data on CaO and Eggshell Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production. Data in Brief, 19; 1466–1473
Ayoola, A., O. Fayomi, O. Adeeyo, J. Omodara, and O. Adegbite (2019). Impact Assessment of Biodiesel Production Using CaO Catalyst Obtained from Two Different Sources. Cogent Engineering, 6(1); 1615198
Basumatary, S., S. Brahma, M. Hoque, B. Das, M. Selvaraj, S. Brahma, and S. Basumatary (2023). Advances in CaO-Based Catalysts for Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis. Green Energy & Resources, 1; 100032
Boro, J., L. Konwar, and D. Deka (2014). Transesterification of Non Edible Feedstock with Lithium Incorporated Egg Shell Derived CaO for Biodiesel Production. Fuel Processing Technology, 122; 72–78
Colombo, K. and L. Ender (2017). The Study of Biodiesel Production Using CaO as a Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26; 341–349
Farouk, S., A. Tayeb, S. Abdel-Hamid, and R. Osman (2024). Recent Advances in Transesterification for Sustainable Biodiesel Production, Challenges, and Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31; 12722–12747
Fatimah, I., G. Aulia, W. Puspitasari, R. Nurillahi, L. Sopia, and R. Herianto (2018a). Microwave-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite from Paddy Field Snail (Pila ampullacea) Shell for Adsorption of Bichromate Ion. Sustainable Environment Research, 28; 462–471
Fatimah, I., A. Taushiyah, F. Najah, and U. Azmi (2018b). ZrO2 / Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) Catalyst in Biodiesel Conversion of Rice Bran Oil. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 349. page 012027
Jamil, F., L. Al-Haj, A. Al-Muhtaseb, M. Al-Hinai, M. Baawain, U. Rashid, and M. Ahmad (2018). Current Scenario of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 34; 267–297
Karaosmanog, F. and M. Cctinkaya (2004). Optimization of Base-Catalyzed Transesterification. Energy & Fuels, 18; 1888–1895
Kiprono, J., H. Rutto, and T. Seodigeng (2022). Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst: An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 26; 822–835
Laskar, I., T. Deshmukhya, P. Bhanja, B. Paul, R. Gupta, and S. Chatterjee (2020). Transesterification of Soybean Oil at Room Temperature Using Biowaste as Catalyst; An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Co-Solvent on Biodiesel Yield. Renewable Energy, 162; 98–111
Mahmood, N., K. Marossy, and P. Baumli (2021). Effects of Nanocrystalline Calcium Oxide Particles on Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of EPDM Rubber. Colloid and Polymer Science, 299; 1669–1682
Mathew, G., D. Raina, V. Narisetty, V. Kumar, S. Saran, A. Pugazhendi, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, and P. Binod (2021). Recent Advances in Biodiesel Production: Challenges and Solutions. Science of the Total Environment, 794; 148751
Minaria, M. and R. Mohadi (2016). Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide from Crab Shells (Portunus Pelagicus) and Its Application in Biodiesel Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil, Palm and Coconut Oil. Scientific and Technological Innovations, 1; 1–7
Mohamed, F., M. Shaban, G. Aljohani, and A. Ahmed (2021). Synthesis of Novel Eco-Friendly CaO/C Photocatalyst from Coffee and Eggshell Wastes for Dye Degradation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14; 3140–3149
Moradi, G. and F. Mohammadi (2014). Utilization of Waste Coral for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification of Soybean Oil. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11; 805–812
Nassar, A. and N. Alotaibi (2021). Eggshell Recycling for Fabrication of Pd@CaO, Characterization and High-Performance Solar Photocatalytic Activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28; 3515–3523
Ngamcharussrivichai, C., P. Nunthasanti, S. Tanachai, and K. Bunyakiat (2010). Biodiesel Production through Transesterification over Natural Calciums. Fuel Processing Technology, 91; 1409–1415
Niju, S., M. Begum, and N. Anantharaman (2014). Modification of Egg Shell and Its Application in Biodiesel Production. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18; 702–706
Rahman, M. and T. Oomori (2008). Structure, Crystallization and Mineral Composition of Sclerites in the Alcyonarian Coral. Journal of Crystal Growth, 310; 3528–3534
Ramasamy, V., P. Anand, and G. Suresh (2017). Biomimetic Synthesis and Characterization of Precipitated CaCO3 Nanoparticles Using Different Natural Carbonate Sources: A Novel Approach. International Journal of Materials Science, 12; 499–511
Razali, N., N. Jumadi, A. Jalani, N. Kamarulzaman, and K. Pa’ee (2022). Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate in Chicken Eggshells: Study on Temperature and Contact Time. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Science, 26; 347–359
Roschat, W., M. Kacha, B. Yoosuk, T. Sudyoadsuk, and V. Promarak (2012). Biodiesel Production Based on Heterogeneous Process Catalyzed by Solid Waste Coral Fragment. Fuel, 98; 194–202
Sahu, S., K. Saikia, B. Gurunathan, A. Dhakshinamoorthy, and S. Rokhum (2023). Green Synthesis of CaO Nanocatalyst Using Watermelon Peels for Biodiesel Production. Molecular Catalysis, 547; 113342
Sevcík, R., P. Sasek, and A. Viani (2018). Physical and Nanomechanical Properties of the Synthetic Anhydrous Crystalline CaCO3 Polymorphs: Vaterite, Aragonite and Calcite. Journal of Materials Science, 53; 4022–4033
Sulaiman, N., A. Yacob, and S. Lee (2020). Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst. Scientific and Technological Innovations, 5; 62–69
Triunfo, C., S. Gärtner, C. Marchini, S. Fermani, G. Maoloni, S. Goffredo, J. Gomez Morales, H. Cölfen, and G. Falini (2022). Recovering and Exploiting Aragonite and Calcite Single Crystals with Biologically Controlled Shapes from Mussel Shells. ACS Omega, 7; 43992–43999
Zhu, Z., Y. Liu, W. Cong, X. Zhao, J. Janaun, T. Wei, and Z. Fang (2021). Soybean Biodiesel Production Using Synergistic CaO/Ag Nano Catalyst: Process Optimization, Kinetic Study, and Economic Evaluation. Industrial Crops and Products, 166; 113479
Zul, N., S. Ganesan, T. Hamidon, W. D. Oh, and M. Hussin (2021). A Review on the Utilization of Calcium Oxide as a Base Catalyst in Biodiesel Production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9; 105741
Zul, N., S. Ganesan, and M. Hussin (2020). Biodiesel Synthesis through Methanolysis of Palm Olein Using Calcium Oxide Catalyst Derived from Staghorn Coral. Journal of Physical Science, 31; 37–55
Authors
Widianingsih, S., Yanti , I., Kamari, A., & Fatimah, I. (2024). Thermal Conversion of Coral Waste and its Utilization as Low-Cost Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4), 866–875. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.4.866-875
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.