Large SiO₂ Sizes Influencing Light Scattering Properties in Original White LED Structure
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Keywords:
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Color Rendering, Mie Scattering, Luminous Flux, SiO₂
Abstract
Previously, SiO₂ particles (1-10 wt%, <10 µm) were proposed to augment the light flux and correlated color temperature (CCT) deviation in conventional blue-excited LEDs. This research paper explores the application of larger SiO₂ particle sizes within a conventional LED model. SiO₂ particles with diameters ranging from 1 µm to 20 µm were analyzed for their scattering properties using the Stöber method, a Mie-scattering-based MATLAB program, and LightTools software to simulate the optical attributes of a phosphor-transmuted WLED apparatus, supported by XRD, SEM, and other analytical techniques. SiO₂ was integrated into the yellow phosphor YAG:Ce layer to induce scattering phenomena within the active layer. Through our investigation, the concentrations of SiO₂ and YAG:Ce phosphor were consistently maintained at 5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. Our findings focus on assessing backward scattering with larger SiO₂ sizes. Modulating the sizes of SiO₂ spheres reduced CCT deviation and enhanced both flux output and color rendering performance. These results emphasize the potential utility of larger SiO₂ particles in enhancing white LED performance and facilitate further investigation to optimize their usability in production processes.
References
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Buzzelli, M. and I. Erba (2021). On the Evaluation of Temporal and Spatial Stability of Color Constancy Algorithms. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 38(9); 1349.
Chen, Z., J. Su, X. Zeng, X. Huang, Y. Li, and C. Huang (2021). Electron Angular Correlation in Nonsequential Double Ionization of Molecules by Counter-Rotating Two-Color Circularly Polarized Fields. Optics Express, 29(18); 29576.
Cong, P. H. and N. D. Q. Anh (2025). Augmenting Chroma Performance for WLED Employing SR₈ZNSC(PO₄)₇:Eu²⁺@ALAS as a Scattering-Enhancing Substance. Science & Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 467–472.
Dang, H. P., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). Utilizing CaCO₃, CaF₂, SiO₂, and TiO₂ Phosphors as Approaches to the Improved Color Uniformity and Lumen Efficacy of WLEDs. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(2); 623.
Duan, D., R. Zhu, and Y. Xia (2021). Color Night Vision Ghost Imaging Based on a Wavelet Transform. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4172.
Evéquoz, G., F. Truffer, and M. Geiser (2021). Maximum Possible Contrast Level for Silent Substitution: A Theoretical Model Applied to Melanopsin Stimulation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 38(9); 1312.
Gao, S., Z. Tian, P. Yu, H. Sun, H. Fan, Q. Chen, and H. Sun (2021). Deep Diamond Single-Photon Sources Prepared by a Femtosecond Laser. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4386.
Gu, D., C. Liang, L. Sun, H. Chen, Y. Chen, and L. Yang (2021). Optical Metasurfaces for Waveguide Couplers with Uniform Efficiencies at RGB Wavelengths. Optics Express, 29(18); 29149.
Hadi, D. S., H. Wafda, A. P. A. Mustari, V. Trisnawan, N. Widiawati, F. Miftasani, and D. H. Prajitno (2025). Corrosion Behavior of Modified F/M Steel with Ti and Dispersed Oxides: Y₂O₃ and ZrO₂ under High Temperature in Static Liquid Lead. Science & Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 877–888.
Li, X., S. Fu, J. Miao, M. Zhang, and X. Zhang (2021). Adjustable Color Response during Plasmon Resonance by Monochromatic Light Irradiation. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4296.
Liu, Q., M. Fu, H. Jiang, H. Ren, M. Cai, X. Zeng, and Q. Zhuge (2021). Subcarrier-Pairing Entropy Loading for Digital Subcarrier-Multiplexing Systems with Colored-SNR Distributions. Optics Express, 29(18); 28852.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020a). The Effectiveness of MgCeAl₁₁O₁₉:Tb³⁺ Phosphor in Enhancing the Luminous Efficacy and Color Quality of Multi-Chip White LEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 4631.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020b). The Effects of ZnO Particles on the Color Homogeneity of Phosphor-Converted High-Power White LED Light Sources. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5155.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020c). LaSiO₃Cl:Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ and Mg₂TiO₄:Mn⁴⁺ Quantum Dot Phosphors for Improving the Optical Properties of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5191.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020d). Na₃Ce(PO₄)₂:Tb³⁺ and Na(Mg₂₋ₓMnₓ)LiSi₄O₁₀F₂:Mn Phosphors: A Suitable Selection for Enhancing Color Quality and Luminous Flux of Remote White Light-Emitting Diodes. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 18(4); 2095.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020e). Utilizing CaCO₃, CaF₂, SiO₂, and TiO₂ Particles to Enhance Color Homogeneity and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5175.
Loan, N. T. P. and M. J. Chen (2025). Influences from MgO Doped Phosphors on Optical Properties of White Light Emitting Diodes. Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation, 9(2); 49–57.
Masaoka, K. (2021). Proper Application of Chromaticity Gamut Area Metrics for Displays. Optics Express, 29(18); 29107.
Navarro, R., S. Baquedano, and A. I. Sánchez-Cano (2021). GRIN Crystalline Lens with Conicoid Iso-Indicial Surfaces: Application for Modeling the Crystalline Lens. Optics Express, 29(20); 30998.
Pi, D., J. Liu, and S. Yu (2021). Speckleless Color Dynamic Three-Dimensional Holographic Display Based on Complex Amplitude Modulation. Applied Optics, 60(25); 7844.
Preciado, O. U., A. Martin, E. Manzano, K. A. G. Smet, and P. Hanselaer (2021). CAM18sl Brightness Prediction for Unrelated Saturated Stimuli Including Age Effects. Optics Express, 29(18); 29257.
Rahman, M. A., Y. H. Kim, S. Cho, S. Y. Lee, and J. Y. Byun (2021). Realization of Structural Colors via Capped Cu Based F–P Cavity Structure. Optics Express, 29(18); 29466.
Samarov, E. N., A. D. Mokrushin, V. M. Masalov, G. E. Abrosimova, and G. A. Emel’chenko (2006). Structural Modification of Synthetic Opals during Thermal Treatment. Physics of the Solid State, 48(7); 1280–1283.
Suchkov, N., T. Kurian, C. Schwarz, A. Leube, and S. Wahl (2021). SLM-Based Interferometer for Assessing the Polychromatic Neural Transfer Function of the Eye. Biomedical Optics Express, 12(10); 6040.
Sun, Y., J. Zhang, and R. Liang (2021). Color Polarization Demosaicking by a Convolutional Neural Network. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4338.
That, P. T., T. M. Bui, N. T. P. Loan, P. X. Le, N. D. Q. Anh, and L. Van Tho (2020). Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure: A Novel Technique to Enhance the Color Quality Scale and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(4); 4015.
Thi, M. H. N., T. M. Bui, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). Aiming to the Superior of Phosphor Pattern: Influence of SiO₂ Nanoparticles on Photoluminescence Intensification of YAG:Ce. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(6); 4833.
Wang, J., X. Wang, P. Zhang, S. Xie, S. Fu, Y. Li, and H. Han (2021). Correction of Uneven Illumination in Color Microscopic Image Based on Fully Convolutional Network. Optics Express, 29(18); 28503.
Yamashita, K., K. Kunitsu, T. Hattori, Y. Kuwahara, and A. Saito (2021). Demonstration of a Diffraction-Based Optical Diffuser Inspired by the Morpho Butterfly. Optics Express, 29(19); 30927.
Yu, B., Z. Lu, G. Liang, Y. Yuan, H. Wang, J. He, and S. Yang (2021). Luminous Efficacy Enhancement for LED Lamps Using Highly Reflective Quantum Dot-Based Photoluminescent Films. Optics Express, 29(18); 29007.
Zhang, C., R. Niu, P. Sha, X. Li, H. Ma, and Y. Sun (2021). Inner Helical Waveplate with Angle-Insensitive Retardation. Optics Express, 29(18); 28924.
Zhou, J., T. Yang, W. Ren, D. Zhang, and W. Zhang (2021). Underwater Image Restoration via Depth Map and Illumination Estimation Based on a Single Image. Optics Express, 29(19); 29864.
Zhuang, Z., D. Iida, M. Velazquez-Rizo, and K. Ohkawa (2021). 630-nm Red InGaN Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes (<20 µm × 20 µm) Exceeding 1 mW/mm² for Full-Color Micro-Displays. Photonics Research, 9(9); 1796.
Babilon, S., J. Klabes, P. Myland, and T. Q. Khanh (2021). Memory Colors and the Assessment of Color Quality in Lighting Applications. Optics Express, 29(18); 28968.
Bogush, G., M. Tracy, and C. Zukoski (1988). Preparation of Monodisperse Silica Particles: Control of Size and Mass Fraction. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 104(1); 95–106.
Bugoffa, S. G. and M. R. Chatterjee (2021). Electromagnetic and Imaging Properties of Chiral Dispersive Spherical Interfaces under Bimodal Propagation Using ABCD Matrices. Applied Optics, 60(25); 7804.
Buzzelli, M. and I. Erba (2021). On the Evaluation of Temporal and Spatial Stability of Color Constancy Algorithms. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 38(9); 1349.
Chen, Z., J. Su, X. Zeng, X. Huang, Y. Li, and C. Huang (2021). Electron Angular Correlation in Nonsequential Double Ionization of Molecules by Counter-Rotating Two-Color Circularly Polarized Fields. Optics Express, 29(18); 29576.
Cong, P. H. and N. D. Q. Anh (2025). Augmenting Chroma Performance for WLED Employing SR₈ZNSC(PO₄)₇:Eu²⁺@ALAS as a Scattering-Enhancing Substance. Science & Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 467–472.
Dang, H. P., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). Utilizing CaCO₃, CaF₂, SiO₂, and TiO₂ Phosphors as Approaches to the Improved Color Uniformity and Lumen Efficacy of WLEDs. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(2); 623.
Duan, D., R. Zhu, and Y. Xia (2021). Color Night Vision Ghost Imaging Based on a Wavelet Transform. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4172.
Evéquoz, G., F. Truffer, and M. Geiser (2021). Maximum Possible Contrast Level for Silent Substitution: A Theoretical Model Applied to Melanopsin Stimulation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 38(9); 1312.
Gao, S., Z. Tian, P. Yu, H. Sun, H. Fan, Q. Chen, and H. Sun (2021). Deep Diamond Single-Photon Sources Prepared by a Femtosecond Laser. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4386.
Gu, D., C. Liang, L. Sun, H. Chen, Y. Chen, and L. Yang (2021). Optical Metasurfaces for Waveguide Couplers with Uniform Efficiencies at RGB Wavelengths. Optics Express, 29(18); 29149.
Hadi, D. S., H. Wafda, A. P. A. Mustari, V. Trisnawan, N. Widiawati, F. Miftasani, and D. H. Prajitno (2025). Corrosion Behavior of Modified F/M Steel with Ti and Dispersed Oxides: Y₂O₃ and ZrO₂ under High Temperature in Static Liquid Lead. Science & Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 877–888.
Li, X., S. Fu, J. Miao, M. Zhang, and X. Zhang (2021). Adjustable Color Response during Plasmon Resonance by Monochromatic Light Irradiation. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4296.
Liu, Q., M. Fu, H. Jiang, H. Ren, M. Cai, X. Zeng, and Q. Zhuge (2021). Subcarrier-Pairing Entropy Loading for Digital Subcarrier-Multiplexing Systems with Colored-SNR Distributions. Optics Express, 29(18); 28852.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020a). The Effectiveness of MgCeAl₁₁O₁₉:Tb³⁺ Phosphor in Enhancing the Luminous Efficacy and Color Quality of Multi-Chip White LEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 4631.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020b). The Effects of ZnO Particles on the Color Homogeneity of Phosphor-Converted High-Power White LED Light Sources. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5155.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020c). LaSiO₃Cl:Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ and Mg₂TiO₄:Mn⁴⁺ Quantum Dot Phosphors for Improving the Optical Properties of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5191.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020d). Na₃Ce(PO₄)₂:Tb³⁺ and Na(Mg₂₋ₓMnₓ)LiSi₄O₁₀F₂:Mn Phosphors: A Suitable Selection for Enhancing Color Quality and Luminous Flux of Remote White Light-Emitting Diodes. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 18(4); 2095.
Loan, N. T. P. and N. D. Q. Anh (2020e). Utilizing CaCO₃, CaF₂, SiO₂, and TiO₂ Particles to Enhance Color Homogeneity and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(5); 5175.
Loan, N. T. P. and M. J. Chen (2025). Influences from MgO Doped Phosphors on Optical Properties of White Light Emitting Diodes. Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation, 9(2); 49–57.
Masaoka, K. (2021). Proper Application of Chromaticity Gamut Area Metrics for Displays. Optics Express, 29(18); 29107.
Navarro, R., S. Baquedano, and A. I. Sánchez-Cano (2021). GRIN Crystalline Lens with Conicoid Iso-Indicial Surfaces: Application for Modeling the Crystalline Lens. Optics Express, 29(20); 30998.
Pi, D., J. Liu, and S. Yu (2021). Speckleless Color Dynamic Three-Dimensional Holographic Display Based on Complex Amplitude Modulation. Applied Optics, 60(25); 7844.
Preciado, O. U., A. Martin, E. Manzano, K. A. G. Smet, and P. Hanselaer (2021). CAM18sl Brightness Prediction for Unrelated Saturated Stimuli Including Age Effects. Optics Express, 29(18); 29257.
Rahman, M. A., Y. H. Kim, S. Cho, S. Y. Lee, and J. Y. Byun (2021). Realization of Structural Colors via Capped Cu Based F–P Cavity Structure. Optics Express, 29(18); 29466.
Samarov, E. N., A. D. Mokrushin, V. M. Masalov, G. E. Abrosimova, and G. A. Emel’chenko (2006). Structural Modification of Synthetic Opals during Thermal Treatment. Physics of the Solid State, 48(7); 1280–1283.
Suchkov, N., T. Kurian, C. Schwarz, A. Leube, and S. Wahl (2021). SLM-Based Interferometer for Assessing the Polychromatic Neural Transfer Function of the Eye. Biomedical Optics Express, 12(10); 6040.
Sun, Y., J. Zhang, and R. Liang (2021). Color Polarization Demosaicking by a Convolutional Neural Network. Optics Letters, 46(17); 4338.
That, P. T., T. M. Bui, N. T. P. Loan, P. X. Le, N. D. Q. Anh, and L. Van Tho (2020). Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure: A Novel Technique to Enhance the Color Quality Scale and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(4); 4015.
Thi, M. H. N., T. M. Bui, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). Aiming to the Superior of Phosphor Pattern: Influence of SiO₂ Nanoparticles on Photoluminescence Intensification of YAG:Ce. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(6); 4833.
Wang, J., X. Wang, P. Zhang, S. Xie, S. Fu, Y. Li, and H. Han (2021). Correction of Uneven Illumination in Color Microscopic Image Based on Fully Convolutional Network. Optics Express, 29(18); 28503.
Yamashita, K., K. Kunitsu, T. Hattori, Y. Kuwahara, and A. Saito (2021). Demonstration of a Diffraction-Based Optical Diffuser Inspired by the Morpho Butterfly. Optics Express, 29(19); 30927.
Yu, B., Z. Lu, G. Liang, Y. Yuan, H. Wang, J. He, and S. Yang (2021). Luminous Efficacy Enhancement for LED Lamps Using Highly Reflective Quantum Dot-Based Photoluminescent Films. Optics Express, 29(18); 29007.
Zhang, C., R. Niu, P. Sha, X. Li, H. Ma, and Y. Sun (2021). Inner Helical Waveplate with Angle-Insensitive Retardation. Optics Express, 29(18); 28924.
Zhou, J., T. Yang, W. Ren, D. Zhang, and W. Zhang (2021). Underwater Image Restoration via Depth Map and Illumination Estimation Based on a Single Image. Optics Express, 29(19); 29864.
Zhuang, Z., D. Iida, M. Velazquez-Rizo, and K. Ohkawa (2021). 630-nm Red InGaN Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes (<20 µm × 20 µm) Exceeding 1 mW/mm² for Full-Color Micro-Displays. Photonics Research, 9(9); 1796.
Authors
Cong, P. H. ., Loan, N. T. P., & Lee, H.-Y. (2026). Large SiO₂ Sizes Influencing Light Scattering Properties in Original White LED Structure. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 596–608. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.596-608
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