Optical Assessment of Titanium Oxide Employed in Phosphor-Transmuted WLED Devices
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Keywords:
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LED Lamps, CaSr2(PO4)2:Eu3 , X-Ray Diffraction, CIE Hue Coordinates, Luminous Efficacy
Abstract
Utilizing inexpensive PbO-B2O3-SiO2-ZnO glass as the host, a new environmentally friendly method for phosphor-transformed WLED utilizing Ce:YAG-doped glass and Titanium oxide (TiO2) was effectively created for this study. This method demonstrated good sintering behavior and elevated visible transparency with a sintering heat level reaching 750oC while avoiding influence on phosphor samples. The optic characterization of WLED can be simply adjusted by only modifying the temperature, incorporating dosage, as well as sample breadth to suit the mucous sintering for phosphor within glass (PwG). The perfect sample amount is regulated, reaching 5 wt.% of the end combination, and the most suited thickness of samples is discovered to be 0.8 mm. As a consequence, the optimum heating condition is sintered at 700oC within 40 minutes. The built-in PwG WLED displays an elevated illuminating effectiveness of 134.33 lm/W, associated hue temperature of 4696 K, and hue rendering index of 68.5. PwG’s improved heat quenching ability when combined with traditional silicone resin and TiO2 makes it clear that the glass ceramic substance used today is highly practical for use in WLED apparatuses.
References
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Liu, Z. et al. (2024). Laminated Composite of Ceramic/Glass Films to Realize High Luminous Efficiency and High Color Quality in Laser-DrivenWhite Lighting. Journal ofMaterials Chemistry C, 12(31); 11898–11906
Long, Y., J. Li, Z. Fang, and B. Guan (2020). Modulation of Activator Distribution by Phase-Separation of Glass for Efficient and Tunable Upconversion Luminescence. RSC Advances, 10(21); 12217–12223
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Shrivastava, R. and R. S. Kundu (2023). Studies on Photoluminescence and Thermoluminescence Properties of Yttrium Aluminium Perovskite (YAP-YAlO3) Doped with Cerium(III). Chemical Papers, 77(11); 7155–7161
Tang, L., H. Ye, and D. Xiao (2018). Photo-Induced Luminescence Degradation in Ce, Yb Co-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Phosphors. Applied Optics, 57(26); 7627–7631
Tran, T. C., N. D. Q. Anh, and N. T. P. Loan (2020). Comparison of Calcium Carbonate and Titania Particles on Improving ColorHomogeneity and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. Telkomnika, 18(5); 2690–2696
Tung, H. T., N. D. Q. Anh, and H. Y. Lee (2024). Impact of Phosphor Granule Magnitudes asWell as Mass Proportions on the Luminous Hue Efficiency of a Coated White Light-Emitting Diode and One Green Phosphor Film. Optoelectronics and AdvancedMaterials - Rapid Communications, 18(1-2); 58–65
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Wang, S., Q. Sun, B. Li, H. Guo, and X. Huang (2018). High-Efficiency and Thermal-Stable Tunable Blue-Green-Emitting Ca3Lu(AlO) 3(BO3) 4:Ce3 ,Tb3+ Phosphors for Near-UV-Excited White LEDs. Dyes and Pigments, 157; 314–320
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Anh, N.D.Q. and H. V.Ngoc (2020). Building Superior Lighting Properties for WLEDs Utilizing Two-Layered Remote Phosphor Configurations. Materials Science-Poland, 38(3); 493–501
Camargo, L., P. González, M. Santiago, H. O. Dávila, and J. Marcazzó (2022). A Preliminary Study of the Radioluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence of CaF2:Ce,Dy Phosphor. Journal of Luminescence, 246; 118845
Chan, J., B. Devakumar, H. Gao, and X. Huang (2024). Efficient Violet-Light-Excitable Blue-Cyan-Emitting Ca2YHf2GaAl2O12:Ce3+ Garnet Phosphors Enable High-Color-Rendering Full-Spectrum Warm-White LEDs. Materials Today Chemistry, 40; 102218
Chen, X. and X. Huang (2024). Highly Efficient Blue-Light-Excitable Ultra-Broadband Orange-Emitting Mg2 · 5Y1 · 5Al1 · 5Si2 · 5O12:Ce3+ Garnet Phosphors for Solid-State Lighting. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 997; 174906
Chen, Z., G. Dong, G. Barillaro, J. Qiu, and Z. Yang (2021). Emerging and Perspectives in Microlasers Based on Rare-Earth Ions Activated Micro-/Nanomaterials. Progress in Materials Science, 121; 100814
Chen, Z., G. Dong, H. Gao, and J. Qiu (2019). Two-/Multi-Wavelength Light Excitation Effects in Optical Materials: From Fundamentals to Applications. Progress in Materials Science, 105; 100568
Cong, P. H. and N. D. Q. Anh (2025). Augmenting Chroma Performance for WLED Employing Sr8ZnSc(PO4) 7:Eu2+@AlAs as a Scattering-Enhancing Substance. Science & Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 467–472
Cong, P. H., L. X. Thuy, N. T. P. Loan, H. Y. Lee, andN.D.Q. Anh (2024). ZnO-Doped Yellow Phosphor Compound for Enhancing Phosphor-Conversion Layer’s Performance in White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(7-8); 389–395
Das, A., S. Saha, K. Panigrahi, A. Mitra, R. Chatterjee, U. K. Ghorai, and K. K. Chattopadhyay (2018). Morphology Control and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu3+-Activated Y4Al2O9 Nanophosphors for Solid State Lighting Applications. CrystEngComm, 20(18); 2540–2552
Dong, L., L. Zhang, Y. Jia, Y. Xu, S. Yin, and H. You (2020). Realizing Broadband Spectral Conversion in Novel Ce3+, Cr3+, Ln3+ (Ln = Yb, Nd, Er) Tridoped Near-Infrared Phosphors via Multiple Energy Transfers. Ceramics International, 47(3); 3127–3135
Fang, H. et al. (2025). Reactive Spark Plasma Sintering of YAG–YAG:Ce Composite Phosphor Ceramics for Laser-Driven Lighting with High Luminous Efficacy. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 13(9); 4781–4790
Fang, Z., R. Cao, F. Zhang, Z. Ma, G. Dong, and J. Qiu (2014). Efficient Spectral Conversion from Visible to Near-Infrared in Transparent Glass Ceramics Containing Ce3+-Yb3+ Codoped Y3Al5O12 Nanocrystals. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2(12); 2204–2211
Gong, M.,W. c. Xiang, J. Huang, C. Yin, and X. Liang (2015). Facile Synthesis and Optical Properties of Ce:YAG Polycrystalline Ceramics with Different SiO2 Content. RSC Advances, 5(92); 75781–75786
Hop, D. T. B., T. Q. Tuan, N. Van Quang, N. Tu, H. L. Tien, M. T. Tran, and P. T. L. Huong (2024). Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency of Ce3+- Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method. Ceramics International, 50(10); 17338–17353
Hu, Y., Z. Li, andW. Pan (2018). Sandwich-Like Transparent Ceramic Demonstrates Ultraviolet and Visible Broadband Downconversion Luminescence. RSC Advances, 8(24); 13200–13204
Huang, J., X. Hu, J. Shen, D. Wu, C. Yin, R. Xiang, and W. Xiang (2015). Facile Synthesis of a Thermally Stable Ce3+:Y3Al5O12 Phosphor-in-Glass forWhite LEDs. CrystEngComm, 17(37); 7079–7085
Huang, X., J. Chan, and X. Chen (2024). AWell-Performed Green-Emitting Lu1 · 5Ca1 · 5Al3 · 5Si1 · 5O12:Ce3+ Garnet Phosphor for High-Quality pc-WLEDs. Ceramics International, 50(24); 55979–55986
Jiang, Z. et al. (2025). Growth and Photoluminescent Performance of Ce:YAG Single Crystal for High-Power w-LEDs Application. Optical Engineering, 64(11); 117102
Kumar, M. and P. Kumar (2024). White Light Emitting Materials: Illuminating Brilliance, volume 31 of Progress in Optical Science and Photonics. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore
Le, P. X., S. D. Ho, N. D. Q. Anh, and H.-Y. Lee (2021). Triple-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure: A Potential Packaging Configuration to Enhance Both Color Quality and Lumen Efficiency of 6,000–8,500 K WLEDs. Materials Science-Poland, 39(4); 458–466
Li, X., H. Guo, X. Liu, R. Wei, F. Hu, and S. Zhou (2019). A New Parameter for Characterizing Eu3+ Distribution in Mixed-Valence Eu-Doped Cubic LaF3-Based Transparent Glass-Ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 102(11); 6640–6648
Li, X., Y. Li, L.Wang, J. Kang, and J. Zou (2024). Luminescence Saturation Studies of YAG:Ce Phosphor Ceramics for White Laser Diode Lighting. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 35(4); 299
Lin, H., B. Wang, J. Xu, R. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Yu, and Y. Wang (2014). Phosphor-in-Glass for High-Powered Remote-Type White AC-LED. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 6(23); 21264–21269
Liu, B. et al. (2025). Impact of Ce3+ Concentration and Thickness on Luminance and Chromaticity Uniformity of YAG:Ce Ceramic Color Converters for Laser Lighting. Ceramics International, 51(29); 61285–61292
Liu, Z. et al. (2024). Laminated Composite of Ceramic/Glass Films to Realize High Luminous Efficiency and High Color Quality in Laser-DrivenWhite Lighting. Journal ofMaterials Chemistry C, 12(31); 11898–11906
Long, Y., J. Li, Z. Fang, and B. Guan (2020). Modulation of Activator Distribution by Phase-Separation of Glass for Efficient and Tunable Upconversion Luminescence. RSC Advances, 10(21); 12217–12223
Lü, W., M. Jiao, B. Shao, L. Zhao, Y. Feng, and H. You (2015). An Intense NIR Emission from Ca14Al10Zn6O35:Mn4 ,Yb3+ via Energy Transfer for Solar Spectral Converters. Dalton Transactions, 45(2); 466–468
Lv, Y., L. Wang, Y. Zhuang, T. Zhou, and R. Xie (2017). Discovery of the Yb2+–Yb3+ Couple as Red-to-NIR Persistent Luminescence Emitters in Yb-Activated (Ba1–xSrx)AlSi5O2N7 Phosphors. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 5(28); 7095–7101
Ma, Y. et al. (2024). New Phase-Construction Phosphors Ceramics forWarm-White Solid-State Lighting: Orange-Yellow-Emitting (Lu,Gd) 3(Sc,Al) 5O12:Ce3+. Ceramics International, 50(23); 49643–49651
Markovskyi, A., V. Gorbenko, S. Nizhankovskiy, T. Zorenko, A. Fedorov, and Y. Zorenko (2024). Two-Layered Lu3Al5O12:Ce/Y3Al5O12:Ce Composite Phosphor Converter for White Light-Emitting Diode Devices. Optical Materials: X, 22; 100329
Meejitpaisan, P., R. Doddoji, S. Kothan, and J. Kaewkhao (2022). Photo and X-Ray Luminescence Characteristics of CeF3-Doped SiO2 + B2O3 +AlF3 + NaF + CaF2 Scintillating Glasses. Radiation Measurements, 158; 106853
Milisavljevic, I., M. J. Pitcher, J. Li, S. Chenu, M. Allix, and Y. Wu (2022). Crystallization of Glass Materials into Transparent Optical Ceramics. International Materials Reviews, 68(6); 648–676
Motloung, S., F. Dejene, R. Kroon, H. Swart, and O. Ntwaeaborwa (2015). Radiative Energy Transfer in ZnAl2O4:0.1% Ce3+, x% Eu3+ Nanophosphor Synthesized by Sol–Gel Process. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 468–469; 11–20
My, L. T. T., N. L. Thai, T. M. Bui, H.-Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2022). Phosphor Conversion for WLEDs: YBO3:Ce3 ,Tb3+ and Its Effects on the Luminous Intensity and Chromatic Properties of Dual-Layer WLED Model. Materials Science-Poland, 40(4); 105–113
Pathak, A., R. Talewar, C. Joshi, and S.Moharil (2016). Sensitization of Yb3+ Emission in CaYAl3O7 Host. OpticalMaterials, 64; 217–223
Qiang, Y. et al. (2025). BaO-Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2/YAG:Ce: A Novel YAG:Ce Glass-Ceramic with Excellent Fluorescent Properties for Phosphor-ConvertedWhite LEDs. Ceramics International, 51(14); 19199–19210
Qin, Y., Y. Cao, L. Ning, X. Wang, and Y. Wang (2024). Unraveling the Defect-Induced Spectral Tuning in a Ce-Doped Garnet Solid-Solution Phosphor. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18(10); 2400347
Samanta, T., S. Sarkar, V. N. K. B. Adusumalli, A. E. Praveen, and V. Mahalingam (2015). Enhanced Visible and Near Infrared Emissions via Ce3+ to Ln3+ Energy Transfer in Ln3+-Doped CeF3 Nanocrystals (Ln = Nd and Sm). Dalton Transactions, 45(1); 78–84
Shen, X., H. Chen, M. Xu, X. Ji, and Q. Qin (2024). Measurement Model of Circadian Action Factor of Phosphor-ConvertedWhite LEDs Based on Photometric, Electrical, and Thermal Properties. Metrologia, 61(2); 025002
Shrivastava, R. and R. S. Kundu (2023). Studies on Photoluminescence and Thermoluminescence Properties of Yttrium Aluminium Perovskite (YAP-YAlO3) Doped with Cerium(III). Chemical Papers, 77(11); 7155–7161
Tang, L., H. Ye, and D. Xiao (2018). Photo-Induced Luminescence Degradation in Ce, Yb Co-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Phosphors. Applied Optics, 57(26); 7627–7631
Tran, T. C., N. D. Q. Anh, and N. T. P. Loan (2020). Comparison of Calcium Carbonate and Titania Particles on Improving ColorHomogeneity and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. Telkomnika, 18(5); 2690–2696
Tung, H. T., N. D. Q. Anh, and H. Y. Lee (2024). Impact of Phosphor Granule Magnitudes asWell as Mass Proportions on the Luminous Hue Efficiency of a Coated White Light-Emitting Diode and One Green Phosphor Film. Optoelectronics and AdvancedMaterials - Rapid Communications, 18(1-2); 58–65
Wang, G. et al. (2024). Innovative Architecture for Phosphorin-Glass Films Enabling Superior Luminance and Color Quality Laser-Driven White Light. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 18(6); 2301263
Wang, H., S. Ye, S. Li, T. Liu, J. Lin, and D. Wang (2015). Broadband Down-Conversion Through the Co-Contribution of Simultaneous Energy Transfer from Eu3 / +2 to Yb3+ and CTS Absorption of Yb3+. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 648; 13–17
Wang, S., Q. Sun, B. Li, H. Guo, and X. Huang (2018). High-Efficiency and Thermal-Stable Tunable Blue-Green-Emitting Ca3Lu(AlO) 3(BO3) 4:Ce3 ,Tb3+ Phosphors for Near-UV-Excited White LEDs. Dyes and Pigments, 157; 314–320
Wei, Y., H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and J. Zhao (2019). Recent Advances in Hybrid Optical Materials: Integrating NanoparticlesWithin a Glass Matrix. Advanced Optical Materials, 7(21); 1900702
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Authors
Le, . P. X., Loan, N. T. P. ., & Anh, N. D. Q. . (2026). Optical Assessment of Titanium Oxide Employed in Phosphor-Transmuted WLED Devices. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.345-355
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