Polyoxometalate-Assisted Layered Double Hydroxide for Facile Photocatalytic Methylene Blue and Malachite Green
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Keywords:
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Polyoxometalate, LDH, Photodgeradation, Methylene Blue, Malachite Green
Abstract
To increase the photodegradation activities of polyoxometalate, the co-precipitation approach has been used to prepare intercalated polyoxometalate compounds with ZnAl-LDH on methylene blue and malachite green dye. It is strongly advised to use the preparation catalyst LDH with polyoxometalate to create a successful method for anionic dye reduction. This study demonstrated the effectiveness environmentally method for intercalating ZnAl_LDH with polyoxometalate compound by employing methylene blu and malachite green dye as an organic pollutant. Additionally, the results showed that for pH = 7 for ZnAl- SiW12O40 on degraded malachite green, and the highest researching 94% on degradation methylene blue on ZnAl-PW12O40. Due to the rapid dissociation of the procion red reduction from the polyoxometalate photocatalytic activities, it was thought to have significant co-catalyst effects.
References
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Asadzadeh-Khaneghah, S., A. Habibi-Yangjeh, D. Seifzadeh, H. Chand, and V. Krishnan (2021). Visible-Light-Activated g-C3N4 Nanosheet/Carbon Dot/FeOCl Nanocomposites: Photodegradation of Dye Pollutants and Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 617; 126424.
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Bhuyan, A. and M. Ahmaruzzaman (2024). Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Robust Metal Oxide QDs Immobilized-MOF-5/Ni-Co-LDH Photocatalyst for Sunlight-Mediated Degradation of Multiple Toxic Dyes. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 972.
Bi, B., L. Xu, B. Xu, and X. Liu (2011). Heteropoly Blue Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides for Cationic Dye Removal From Aqueous Media. Applied Clay Science, 54; 242–247.
Bi, Y. G., Y. H. Zheng, L. Tang, J. Guo, and S. Q. Zhou (2022). Optimization of Process Parameters for Enhanced Degradation of Methylene Blue by Trough Ultrasonic. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2152; 012027.
Feng, N., Q. Wang, A. Zheng, Z. Zhang, J. Fan, S. B. Liu, J. P. Amoureux, and F. Deng (2013). Understanding the High Photocatalytic Activity of (B, Ag)-Codoped TiO2 Under Solar-Light Irradiation With XPS, Solid-State NMR, and DFT Calculations. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135; 1607–1616.
Gao, Y., C. M. Granadeiro, L. Cunha-Silva, J. Zhao, and S. S. Balula (2023). Peroxomolybdate@MOFs as Effective Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels: Correlation Between MOF Structure and Catalytic Activity. Catalysis Science & Technology, 13; 4785–4801.
Gessner, T. and U. Mayer (2000). Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, Mardiyanto, N. Ahmad, Suheryanto, and A. Lesbani (2023a). Photocatalytic of Anionic Dyes on Congo Red With M2+/Al (M2+ = Ni, Mg, and Zn) Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated Polyoxometalate. Communications in Science and Technology, 8; 43–49.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2023b). Polyoxometalate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Procion Red. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24; 109–116.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, M. Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2022). Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green by NiAl-LDH Intercalated Polyoxometalate Compound. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 17; 627–637.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, M. Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2023c). Polyoxometalate Intercalated MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Malachite Green. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24; 109–119.
Hu, Q., Y. Cui, L. Zhang, M. Qian, L. Xiao, M. Yang, Z. Q. Yang, S. Rao, X. Gong, and J. Han (2021). An Ultrasensitive Analytical Strategy for Malachite Green Determination in Fish Samples Based on Bright Orange-Emissive Carbon Dots. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 102; 104032.
Lesbani, A., N. Ahmad, S. Wibiyan, A. Wijaya, Amri, Y. Hanifah, I. Royani, and R. Mohadi (2025). Improving Congo Red Dye Removal by Modification of Layered Double Hydroxide With Microalgae and Macroalgae: Characterization and Parametric Optimation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 706; 135770.
Liao, H., Y. Jia, L. Wang, Q. Yin, J. Han, X. Sun, and M. Wei (2017). Size Effect of Layered Double Hydroxide Platelets on the Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene. ACS Omega, 2; 4253–4260.
Liu, X., Y. Che, J. Liu, L. Liu, X. Wu, Z. Fan, Y. Deng, X. An, and X. Wu (2025). NH3-SCO Performance-Boosting for Ag-Based Catalysts at Low Temperature: Insight Into LDHs Derived MgAl-LDO With Low Ag Loading. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 366; 125031.
Lobo, W. V., L. K. C. de Souza, V. Kumar, and F. A. de Freitas (2025). Eco-Friendly Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R From Effluents Using Chemically Modified Açaí Seeds. Surfaces and Interfaces; 106970.
Ma, C., F. Wang, C. Zhang, Z. Yu, J. Wei, Z. Yang, Y. Li, Z. Li, M. Zhu, L. Shen, and G. Zeng (2017). Photocatalytic Decomposition of Congo Red Under Visible Light Irradiation Using MgZnCr-TiO2 Layered Double Hydroxide. Chemosphere, 168; 80–90.
Nayak, S. R., B. B. V. Sailaja, S. R. Tirukkovalluri, S. S. Singupilla, S. C. Jikamo, Raffiunisa, and N. R. Kadiyala (2025). Visible-Light-Driven Fe-Doped TiO2@WO3 Heterostructure Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Binary Dyes and Electrochemical Detection of Malathion. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 180; 114971.
Parida, K. M. and L. Mohapatra (2012). Carbonate Intercalated Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide: A Novel Photocatalyst for the Enhanced Photodegradation of Azo Dyes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 179; 131–139.
Patra, P., N. Chakraborty, G. R. Kiran, and S. G. Acharyya (2025). Remarkable Adsorption of Methylene Blue at Neutral pH Using Novel Freeze-Dried Hydrophilic Silica TEOS Cryogel. Surfaces and Interfaces; 107080.
Rabiee, N., M. Bagherzadeh, A. Ghadiri, G. Salehi, Y. Fatahi, and R. Dinarvand (2020). ZnAl Nano Layered Double Hydroxides for Dual Functional CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery and Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein Biosensor. Scientific Reports, 10.
Rohmatullaili, N. Ahmad, D. Erviana, Zultriana, D. Savira, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2024). ZnAl LDH-Based Derivative Materials As Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance in Tetracycline Degradation. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9; 457–469.
Saefumillah, A., D. O. B. Apriandanu, R. Ramadhan, R. D. Fitria, Y. Yulizar, A. Shofiyani, W. Rahmalia, and A. H. Alimuddin (2025). Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue: Unraveling Structure-Activity Relationships and Performance Evaluation of Sol-Gel Synthesized TiO2 Versus Commercial TiO2 P25. Journal of Molecular Structure; 143277.
Singh, K. P., D. Mohan, S. Sinha, G. S. Tondon, and D. Gosh (2003). Color Removal From Wastewater Using Low-Cost Activated Carbon Derived From Agricultural Waste Material. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42; 1965–1976.
Srivastava, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Wastewater Using Metal Oxides and Carbonaceous Materials As Photocatalysts: A Review. RSC Applied Interfaces, 1; 340–429.
Tian, Y., P. Liu, X. Wang, and H. Lin (2011). Adsorption of Malachite Green From Aqueous Solutions Onto Ordered Mesoporous Carbons. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171; 1263–1269.
Tseng, Y. H., I. G. Chang, Y. Tai, and K. W. Wu (2012). Effect of Surface Plasmon Resonance on the Photocatalytic Activity of Au/TiO2 Under UV/Visible Illumination. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 416–422.
Ullah, A. K. M. A., A. K. M. F. Kibria, M. Akter, M. N. I. Khan, A. R. M. Tareq, and S. H. Firoz (2017). Oxidative Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Mn3O4 Nanoparticles. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 1; 249–256.
Wang, L., Z. Zhu, F. Wang, Y. Qi, W. Zhang, and C. Wang (2021). State-of-the-Art and Prospects of Zn-Containing Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn-LDH)-Based Material for Photocatalytic Water Remediation. Chemosphere, 278; 130367.
Xu, X., J. Wang, A. Zhou, S. Dong, K. Shi, B. Li, J. Han, and D. O’Hare (2021). High-Efficiency CO2 Separation Using Hybrid LDH-Polymer Membranes. Nature Communications, 12(1); 3069.
Zhang, H., J. M. Jiang, L. Han, Y. Z. Lao, D. Zheng, Y. Y. Chen, S. J. Wan, C. W. Zheng, H. S. Tan, Z. G. Li, and H. X. Xu (2019). Uncariitannin, a Polyphenolic Polymer From Uncaria gambier, Attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Through an MgrA-Mediated Regulation of α-Hemolysin. Pharmacological Research, 147(14); 104328.
Zhao, X., S. Zhang, J. Yan, L. Li, G. Wu, W. Shi, G. Yang, N. Guan, and P. Cheng (2018). Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalysts. Inorganic Chemistry, 57; 5030–5037.
Adim, S., M. Eddahmi, A. Boussetta, M. Mansori, A. Essoumhi, and L. Bouissane (2025). Green Four-Component Reaction and Dye Adsorption Studies of New ZnCoAl-LDH and ZnCoCr-LDH Materials. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1036; 123719.
Asadzadeh-Khaneghah, S., A. Habibi-Yangjeh, D. Seifzadeh, H. Chand, and V. Krishnan (2021). Visible-Light-Activated g-C3N4 Nanosheet/Carbon Dot/FeOCl Nanocomposites: Photodegradation of Dye Pollutants and Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 617; 126424.
Barciela, P., A. Perez-Vazquez, and M. A. Prieto (2023). Azo Dyes in the Food Industry: Features, Classification, Toxicity, Alternatives, and Regulation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 178; 113935.
Bhuyan, A. and M. Ahmaruzzaman (2024). Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Robust Metal Oxide QDs Immobilized-MOF-5/Ni-Co-LDH Photocatalyst for Sunlight-Mediated Degradation of Multiple Toxic Dyes. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 972.
Bi, B., L. Xu, B. Xu, and X. Liu (2011). Heteropoly Blue Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides for Cationic Dye Removal From Aqueous Media. Applied Clay Science, 54; 242–247.
Bi, Y. G., Y. H. Zheng, L. Tang, J. Guo, and S. Q. Zhou (2022). Optimization of Process Parameters for Enhanced Degradation of Methylene Blue by Trough Ultrasonic. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2152; 012027.
Feng, N., Q. Wang, A. Zheng, Z. Zhang, J. Fan, S. B. Liu, J. P. Amoureux, and F. Deng (2013). Understanding the High Photocatalytic Activity of (B, Ag)-Codoped TiO2 Under Solar-Light Irradiation With XPS, Solid-State NMR, and DFT Calculations. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135; 1607–1616.
Gao, Y., C. M. Granadeiro, L. Cunha-Silva, J. Zhao, and S. S. Balula (2023). Peroxomolybdate@MOFs as Effective Catalysts for Oxidative Desulfurization of Fuels: Correlation Between MOF Structure and Catalytic Activity. Catalysis Science & Technology, 13; 4785–4801.
Gessner, T. and U. Mayer (2000). Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, Mardiyanto, N. Ahmad, Suheryanto, and A. Lesbani (2023a). Photocatalytic of Anionic Dyes on Congo Red With M2+/Al (M2+ = Ni, Mg, and Zn) Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated Polyoxometalate. Communications in Science and Technology, 8; 43–49.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2023b). Polyoxometalate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Procion Red. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24; 109–116.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, M. Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2022). Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green by NiAl-LDH Intercalated Polyoxometalate Compound. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, 17; 627–637.
Hanifah, Y., R. Mohadi, M. Mardiyanto, and A. Lesbani (2023c). Polyoxometalate Intercalated MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Malachite Green. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 24; 109–119.
Hu, Q., Y. Cui, L. Zhang, M. Qian, L. Xiao, M. Yang, Z. Q. Yang, S. Rao, X. Gong, and J. Han (2021). An Ultrasensitive Analytical Strategy for Malachite Green Determination in Fish Samples Based on Bright Orange-Emissive Carbon Dots. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 102; 104032.
Lesbani, A., N. Ahmad, S. Wibiyan, A. Wijaya, Amri, Y. Hanifah, I. Royani, and R. Mohadi (2025). Improving Congo Red Dye Removal by Modification of Layered Double Hydroxide With Microalgae and Macroalgae: Characterization and Parametric Optimation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 706; 135770.
Liao, H., Y. Jia, L. Wang, Q. Yin, J. Han, X. Sun, and M. Wei (2017). Size Effect of Layered Double Hydroxide Platelets on the Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene. ACS Omega, 2; 4253–4260.
Liu, X., Y. Che, J. Liu, L. Liu, X. Wu, Z. Fan, Y. Deng, X. An, and X. Wu (2025). NH3-SCO Performance-Boosting for Ag-Based Catalysts at Low Temperature: Insight Into LDHs Derived MgAl-LDO With Low Ag Loading. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 366; 125031.
Lobo, W. V., L. K. C. de Souza, V. Kumar, and F. A. de Freitas (2025). Eco-Friendly Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R From Effluents Using Chemically Modified Açaí Seeds. Surfaces and Interfaces; 106970.
Ma, C., F. Wang, C. Zhang, Z. Yu, J. Wei, Z. Yang, Y. Li, Z. Li, M. Zhu, L. Shen, and G. Zeng (2017). Photocatalytic Decomposition of Congo Red Under Visible Light Irradiation Using MgZnCr-TiO2 Layered Double Hydroxide. Chemosphere, 168; 80–90.
Nayak, S. R., B. B. V. Sailaja, S. R. Tirukkovalluri, S. S. Singupilla, S. C. Jikamo, Raffiunisa, and N. R. Kadiyala (2025). Visible-Light-Driven Fe-Doped TiO2@WO3 Heterostructure Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Binary Dyes and Electrochemical Detection of Malathion. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 180; 114971.
Parida, K. M. and L. Mohapatra (2012). Carbonate Intercalated Zn/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide: A Novel Photocatalyst for the Enhanced Photodegradation of Azo Dyes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 179; 131–139.
Patra, P., N. Chakraborty, G. R. Kiran, and S. G. Acharyya (2025). Remarkable Adsorption of Methylene Blue at Neutral pH Using Novel Freeze-Dried Hydrophilic Silica TEOS Cryogel. Surfaces and Interfaces; 107080.
Rabiee, N., M. Bagherzadeh, A. Ghadiri, G. Salehi, Y. Fatahi, and R. Dinarvand (2020). ZnAl Nano Layered Double Hydroxides for Dual Functional CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery and Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein Biosensor. Scientific Reports, 10.
Rohmatullaili, N. Ahmad, D. Erviana, Zultriana, D. Savira, R. Mohadi, and A. Lesbani (2024). ZnAl LDH-Based Derivative Materials As Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance in Tetracycline Degradation. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9; 457–469.
Saefumillah, A., D. O. B. Apriandanu, R. Ramadhan, R. D. Fitria, Y. Yulizar, A. Shofiyani, W. Rahmalia, and A. H. Alimuddin (2025). Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue: Unraveling Structure-Activity Relationships and Performance Evaluation of Sol-Gel Synthesized TiO2 Versus Commercial TiO2 P25. Journal of Molecular Structure; 143277.
Singh, K. P., D. Mohan, S. Sinha, G. S. Tondon, and D. Gosh (2003). Color Removal From Wastewater Using Low-Cost Activated Carbon Derived From Agricultural Waste Material. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42; 1965–1976.
Srivastava, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Wastewater Using Metal Oxides and Carbonaceous Materials As Photocatalysts: A Review. RSC Applied Interfaces, 1; 340–429.
Tian, Y., P. Liu, X. Wang, and H. Lin (2011). Adsorption of Malachite Green From Aqueous Solutions Onto Ordered Mesoporous Carbons. Chemical Engineering Journal, 171; 1263–1269.
Tseng, Y. H., I. G. Chang, Y. Tai, and K. W. Wu (2012). Effect of Surface Plasmon Resonance on the Photocatalytic Activity of Au/TiO2 Under UV/Visible Illumination. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 416–422.
Ullah, A. K. M. A., A. K. M. F. Kibria, M. Akter, M. N. I. Khan, A. R. M. Tareq, and S. H. Firoz (2017). Oxidative Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Mn3O4 Nanoparticles. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 1; 249–256.
Wang, L., Z. Zhu, F. Wang, Y. Qi, W. Zhang, and C. Wang (2021). State-of-the-Art and Prospects of Zn-Containing Layered Double Hydroxides (Zn-LDH)-Based Material for Photocatalytic Water Remediation. Chemosphere, 278; 130367.
Xu, X., J. Wang, A. Zhou, S. Dong, K. Shi, B. Li, J. Han, and D. O’Hare (2021). High-Efficiency CO2 Separation Using Hybrid LDH-Polymer Membranes. Nature Communications, 12(1); 3069.
Zhang, H., J. M. Jiang, L. Han, Y. Z. Lao, D. Zheng, Y. Y. Chen, S. J. Wan, C. W. Zheng, H. S. Tan, Z. G. Li, and H. X. Xu (2019). Uncariitannin, a Polyphenolic Polymer From Uncaria gambier, Attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Through an MgrA-Mediated Regulation of α-Hemolysin. Pharmacological Research, 147(14); 104328.
Zhao, X., S. Zhang, J. Yan, L. Li, G. Wu, W. Shi, G. Yang, N. Guan, and P. Cheng (2018). Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalysts. Inorganic Chemistry, 57; 5030–5037.
Authors
Hanifah, Y., & Ahmad, N. . (2025). Polyoxometalate-Assisted Layered Double Hydroxide for Facile Photocatalytic Methylene Blue and Malachite Green. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1312–1321. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1312-1321
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