Synthesis and Characterization of Co3O4 and ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Schiff Base Complexes as a Precursor to the Photocatalytic Photodegradation of Congo Red Dye
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Keywords:
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Schiff Base, [Co(HBZAP)(OAC)2]2H2O and [Zn(HBZAP)(OAC)2] H2O Complexes , Co3O4, ZnO, Nanoparticles, Photocatalytic Activity
Abstract
The synthesis of [Co(HBZAP)(OAC)2]2H2O and [Zn(HBZAP)(OAC)2] H2O complexes was successfully performed through reflux in connection with the Schiff bases synthesized with metal salt acetate hydrate. Identification of the synthesized complexes was performed by Fourier transform infrared FTIR, UV-Vis, magnetic moment,1H, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction XRD. These studies show the Schiff base ligand as bidentate due to oxygen from the phenolic group and nitrogen from the azomethane group for complexation with Co(II) and Zn(II), resulting in a tetrahedral configuration of the complexes around the metal ions. Conductivity measurements in DMSO demonstrated that none of the complexes would permit the conduction of electricity. Co3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from these Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes. FTIR and UV-Vis spectra, as well as FE-SEM images, were used to identify the synthesized nanostructures. These results show that the Co3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles have cubic and hexagonal systems, respectively. The average crystallite sizes of Co3O4 and ZnO are 36.5 and 31.9 nm, respectively. These nanoparticles show excellent photocatalytic activity when used under UV light to degrade Congo red dye in aqueous media for 120 minutes of 91.4% and 60.6%.
References
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Abdulghani, A. J. and A. M. N. Khaleel (2013). Preparation and Characterization of Di-, Tri-, and Tetranuclear Schiff Base Complexes Derived from Diamines and 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2013; 1–10
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Al-Qasii, N. A. R., A. T. Bader, and Z. Mosaa (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Azo-Dye Schiff Base and Its Metal Ion Complexes Based on 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 23(6); 1555–1566
Al-Wasidi, A. S., I. I. S. AlZahrani, H. I. Thawibaraka, and A. M. Naglah (2022). Facile Synthesis of ZnO and Co3O4 Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Novel Schiff Base Complexes: Studying Biological and Catalytic Properties. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(2); 103628
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Bader, A. T., B. I. Al-Abdali, and I. K. Jassim (2019). Synthesis and Characterization of New (2-(((5-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl-2,5 Dihydroxy Benzalidine))) Metal Complexes. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 11(5); 39–55
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Bain, G. A. and J. F. Berry (2008). Diamagnetic Corrections and Pascal’s Constants. Journal of Chemical Education, 85(4); 532–536
Bin Mobarak, M., M. S. Hossain, F. Chowdhury, and S. Ahmed (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles Utilizing Waste Fish Scale and Exploitation of XRD Peak Profile Analysis for Approximating the Structural Parameters. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(10); 104117
Boureguig, K., H. Tabet-Derraz, and T. Seddik (2020). Insight into Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) Thin Film. Surface Review and Letters, 27(04); 1950134
Dao, T. T., T. Le Na Vo, A. T. Duong, D. T. Tran, D. L. Nguyen, V. V. Pham, and H. T. Nguyen (2023). Highly Photocatalytic Activity of pH-Controlled ZnO Nanoflakes. Optical Materials, 140; 113865
Debanath, M. K. and S. Karmakar (2013). Study of Blueshift of Optical Band Gap in Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Prepared by Low-Temperature Wet Chemical Method. Materials Letters, 111; 116–119
Dhale, P. C., P. A. Ubale, K. D. Sonawane, N. M. Naik, M. Afzal, L. A. Ghule, and S. H. Gaikwad (2023). New Triazole-Based Schiff Base Ligands and Their Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes as Biological Potent Molecules: Chemical Preparation, Structural Elucidation and Biological Studies. Results in Chemistry, 6; 101155
El-Gammal, O. A., F. S. Mohamed, G. N. Rezk, and A. A. El-Bindary (2021). Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic, DNA Binding and Antibacterial Activities of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes with New Schiff Base Ligand. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 326, 115223.
Gaur, J., K. Vikrant, K.-H. Kim, S. Kumar, M. Pal, R. Badru, and J. Momoh (2023). Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Dye Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared Using Carica papaya Leaf Extract. Materials Today Sustainability, 22, 100339.
González-García, C., A. Mata, F. Zani, M. A. Mendiola, and E. López-Torres (2016). Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Tetradentate Ligands Bearing Hydrazone and/or Thiosemicarbazone Motifs and Their Diorganotin (IV) Complexes. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 163, 118–130.
Jyothi, P., V. Sumalatha, and D. Rajitha (2022). Cobalt (II) Complexes with N-Methyl Thiosemicarbazide Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Investigation, Cytotoxicity, DNA Binding and Incision, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Studies. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 145, 110029.
Katouah, H. A. (2021). Facile Synthesis of Co₃O₄ and ZnO Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Novel Co(II) and Zn(II) Schiff Base Complexes for Studying Their Biological Properties and Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1241, 130676.
Kumar, A., M. Moradpour, M. Losito, W.-T. Franke, S. Ramasamy, R. Baccoli, and G. Gatto (2022). Wide Band Gap Devices and Their Application in Power Electronics. Energies, 15(23), 9172.
Lewczuk, B. and N. Szyryńska (2021). Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope as a Tool for Large-Area and Large-Volume Ultrastructural Studies. Animals, 11(12), 3390.
Lin, Y., H. Ji, Z. Shen, Q. Jia, and D. Wang (2016). Enhanced Acetone Sensing Properties of Co₃O₄ Nanosheets with Highly Exposed (111) Planes. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 27.
Lopes de Almeida, W., N. S. Ferreira, F. S. Rodembusch, and V. Caldas de Sousa (2021). Study of Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by an Eco-Friendly Tapioca-Assisted Route. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 258, 123926.
Magdalane, C. M., K. Kaviyarasu, M. V. Arularasu, K. Kanimozhi, and G. Ramalingam (2019). Structural and Morphological Properties of Co₃O₄ Nanostructures: Investigation of Low Temperature Oxidation for Photocatalytic Application for Waste Water Treatment. Surfaces and Interfaces, 17, 100369.
Mahadevi, P. and S. Sumathi (2023). Schiff Base Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Optoelectronic, Biological Studies, Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Photocatalytic Activity. Results in Chemistry, 6, 101026.
Makhlouf, S. A., Z. H. Bakr, K. I. Aly, and M. S. Moustafa (2013). Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of Co₃O₄ Nanoparticles. Superlattices and Microstructures, 64, 107–117.
Matinise, N., N. Mayedwa, X. Fuku, N. Mongwaketsi, and M. Maaza (2018). Green Synthesis of Cobalt (II, III) Oxide Nanoparticles Using Moringa oleifera Natural Extract as High Electrochemical Electrode for Supercapacitors. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1962.
Mishra, D. K., U. K. Singha, A. Das, S. Dutta, P. Kar, A. Chakraborty, and B. Sinha (2018). DNA Binding, Amelioration of Oxidative Stress, and Molecular Docking Study of Zn(II) Metal Complex of a New Schiff Base Ligand. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 71(14), 2165–2182.
Naikoo, G. A., M. A. S. Tabook, B. A. M. Tabook, M. Bano, I. U. Hassan, R. A. Dar, and T. A. Saleh (2024). Electrochemical Performance of Co₃O₄/Ag/CuO Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 85, 111047.
Nakamoto, K. (2009). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
Nassar, M. Y., H. M. Aly, E. A. Abdelrahman, and M. E. Moustafa (2017). Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Some Novel Schiff Bases and Their Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes: A New Route for Co₃O₄ and NiO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1143, 462–471.
Nwaiwu, B. C., E. E. Oguzie, and C. C. Ejiogu (2024). Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Using Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. EQA-International Journal of Environmental Quality, 60, 18–26.
Patil, M., V. Masand, and A. Maldhure (2020). Schiff Base Metal Complexes Precursor for Metal Oxide Nanomaterial: A Review. Current Nanoscience, 16.
Pavia, D. L., G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, and J. A. Vyvyan (2014). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Cengage Learning.
Pettersen, E. F., T. D. Goddard, C. C. Huang, G. S. Couch, D. M. Greenblatt, E. C. Meng, and T. E. Ferrin (2004). UCSF Chimera—A Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 25(13), 1605–1612.
Pushpanathan, V. and D. Suresh Kumar (2014). A Novel Zinc (II) Macrocycle-Based Synthesis of Pure ZnO Nanoparticles. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 4, 95–101.
Razmara, Z. and J. Janczak (2021). Sonochemical Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a New Three Mono-Nuclear Cobalt(II) Complex, to Produce Tricobalt Tetroxide as an Effective Heterojunction Catalyst. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1229, 129500.
Saeed, M., H. M. Marwani, U. Shahzad, A. M. Asiri, and M. M. Rahman (2024). Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of ZnO Nanostructure Materials Towards Energy Applications. The Chemical Record, 24(1), e202300106.
Salavati-Niasari, M., F. Davar, and M. Mazaheri (2008). Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles from [Bis (Acetylacetonato) Zinc (II)]–Oleylamine Complex by Thermal Decomposition. Materials Letters, 62(12-13); 1890–1892
Silverstein, R. M., F. X. Webster, and D. J. Kiemle (2005). Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. Wiley
Singh, V. and D. Major (2016). Electronic Structure and Bonding in Co-Based Single and Mixed Valence Oxides: A Quantum Chemical Perspective. Inorganic Chemistry, 55
Subhi, H. M., A. T. Bader, and H. Y. Al-Gubury (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles via Thermal Decomposition for Zn(II) Schiff Base Complex. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 22(5); 1396–1406
Sutharappa Kaliyamoorthy, T., V. Subramaniyan, S. Renganathan, V. Elavarasan, J. Ravi, P. Prabhakaran Kala, and S. Vijayakumar (2022). Sustainable Environmental-Based ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Pisonia grandis for Future Biological and Environmental Applications. Sustainability, 14(24); 17009
Xu, L., Q. Jiang, Z. Xiao, X. Y. Li, J. Huo, S. Y. Wang, and L. M. Dai (2016). Plasma-engraved Co₃O₄ Nanosheets with Oxygen Vacancies and High Surface Area for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angewandte Chemie, 128; 5363–5367
Zhu, H., J. Luo, J. Liang, G. Rao, J. Li, J. Y. Zhang, and Z. Du (2008). Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Antiferromagnetic Co₃O₄ Nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 403; 3141–3145
Authors
Raji, S. Q. ., & Bader, A. T. . (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of Co3O4 and ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Schiff Base Complexes as a Precursor to the Photocatalytic Photodegradation of Congo Red Dye. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2), 420–431. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.420-431
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