Enhancing Chitosan-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Composite Film Properties by Silver Nanoparticles Grafting for Acne vulgaris
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Keywords:
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Silver Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite Film, Chitosan, Carboxymethyl Chitosan, Antibacterial
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in developing antibacterial preparations. AgNPs are used in film preparation to enhance the film’s antibacterial properties. The combination of natural polymers is an effective strategy to enhance mechanical properties, prolong degradation time, preserve gas and vapor permeability, and maintain biocompatibility. This research aims to develop an AgNP-chitosan-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi) nanocomposite film that exhibits desirable physical properties and enhances antibacterial activity by incorporating AgNPs. Chitosan-CMChi composite films were prepared using the solvent casting method. Characterization and antibacterial tests using Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) were carried out for AgNO3 and AgNP-chitosan-CMChi nanocomposite films. The results showed that a 1 mM AgNO3 solution with 1% lime powder at pH 9 was the optimal formulation for AgNP formation, exhibiting an absorbance of 4.631 at 408.1 nm, a particle size of 68.4 nm, and antibacterial activity. To optimize the chitosan-CMChi composite film, a formula of 1.5% chitosan and 1.5% CMChi was selected, yielding a tensile strength value of 0.514 MPa. The AgNP solution was then added. In the AgNP-chitosan-CMChi nanocomposite film, it was observed that increasing the AgNP volume affected the mechanical strength of the film. The antibacterial activity of the AgNP-chitosan-CMChi nanocomposite film increased with the AgNP concentration. Combining AgNPs with the chitosan-CMChi polymer yields nanocomposite films with good physical properties and enhanced antibacterial activity against P. acnes compared with films without AgNPs.
References
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Islam, R., S. Maparathne, P. Chinwangso, and T. R. Lee (2025). Review of Shape-Memory Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Applications. 15(5); 2419
Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg (2008). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. 23 edition
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Kora, S. and L. Rastogi (2021). Recent Insights on Characterization of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrices. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 41; 100369
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Mohamed, N. and N. G. Madian (2020). Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Thin Films Doped with Greenly Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles. Materials Today Communications, 25; 101372
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Mulyana, S. D., R. Sari, and A. S. Rijal (2024). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Bioreductant from Lime Juice Powder (Citrus Aurantifolia): Effect of Concentration and pH. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 24(5); 1445–1455
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Abbaszadegan, A., Y. Ghahramani, A. Golami, B. Hemmateenejad, S. Dorostkar, M. Nabavizadeh, and H. Sharghi (2015). Sex and Proteinuria of Mice. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 48(2); 395–400
Abraham, A., P. A. Soloman, and V. O. Rejini (2016). Preparation of Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends and Studies on Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Procedia Technology, 24; 741–748
Alafandi, L., R. Nasaruddin, A. Aziz, N. Engliman, and M. Mastuli (2021). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Coffee Extract for Catalysis. Malaysian NANO-An International Journal, 1(2); 13–25
Alshamari, Y. M. G., H. Z. Alkhathlan, P. Karuppiah, M. Khan, E. Y. Danish, A. Aqel, S. F. Adil, and M. R. Shaik (2026). Structural Analysis and Antimicrobial Assessment of Bioinspired Silver Nanoparticles from Ferula Communis; 1–20
Angastiniotis, N. C., S. Christopoulos, K. C. Petallidou, A. M. Efstathiou, and A. Othonos (2021). Controlling the Optical Properties of Nanostructured Oxide-Based Polymer Films. Scientific Reports; 1–8
Awaluddin, N., S. Awaluddin, A. Awaluddin, and A. Suryani (2022). Formulation and Test of Antibacterial Activity of Antiacne Patch Preparations of Centella Asiatica Leaf Ethanol Extract Against the Growth of Propionibacterium Acnes. page 46
Bahsaine, K., E. Allaoui, H. Benzeid, E. Achaby, N. Zari, and R. Bouh (2023). Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Films for Food Packaging Applications; 33294–33304
Cazón, P., G. Velazquez, J. A. Ramírez, and M. Vázquez (2017). Polysaccharide-Based Films and Coatings for Food Packaging: A Review. Food Hydrocolloids, 68; 136–148
Ceballos, R. L., C. von Bilderling, L. Guz, C. Bernal, and L. Famá (2021). Effect of Greenly Synthetized Silver Nanoparticles on the Properties of Active Starch Films Obtained by Extrusion and Compression Molding. Carbohydrate Polymers, 261; 117871
Chadha, R., N. Maiti, and S. Kapoor (2014). Reduction and Aggregation of Silver Ions in Aqueous Citrate Solutions. Materials Science and Engineering C, 38(1); 192–196
Danaei, M., M. Dehghankhold, S. Ataei, F. H. Davarani, R. Javanmard, A. Dokhani, S. Khorasani, et al. (2018). Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics; 1–17
Darvish, M. and A. Ajji (2021). Effect of Polyethylene Film Thickness on the Antimicrobial Activity of Embedded Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS Omega, 6(40); 26201–26209
Dash, K. K., A. Kumar, S. Kumari, and M. A. Malik (2021). Silver Nanoparticle Incorporated Flaxseed Protein-Alginate Composite Films: Effect on Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29(11); 3649–3659
Dayarian, S., A. Zamani, A. Moheb, and M. Masoomi (2014). Physico-Mechanical Properties of Films of Chitosan, Carboxymethyl Chitosan, and Their Blends. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 22(3); 409–416
Elgharbawy, A. S., A. M. E. Demerdash, W. A. Sadik, M. A. Kasaby, A. H. Lotfy, and A. I. Osman (2024). Enhancing the Biodegradability, Water Solubility, and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol through Natural Polymer Blending: An Approach toward Sustainable Polymer Applications. 16(15); 2141
Fithri, N. A., A. Fadilah, A. Pratiwi, S. S. Alisyahbana, M. F. Alhafiz, and N. Puan (2025). Uncaria gambir Based Green Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Photothermal Induced Thrombolytic and Antibacterial Applications. 10(1); 303–312
Gurvich, V. and M. Naumova (2021). SS Symmetry Logical Contradictions in the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer Multiple Comparisons Tests with More Than Two Groups of Observations. 13(8); 1387
Hadi, Z., A. H. Navarchian, and M. Rafienia (2023). Synthesis of pH-Responsive Carboxymethyl Chitosan for Encapsulating Tetracycline-HCl: Morphology, Drug Release Behavior and Antibacterial Activity of Microcapsules. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 84; 104462
Harun-ur Rashid, M. and T. Foyez (2025). Recent Advances of Silver Nanoparticle-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. RSC Advances; 8480–8505
He, X., H. Xu, and H. Li (2015). Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution by Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Silica Hybrid Membrane; 234–240
Hoseini, B., M. R. Jaafari, A. Golabpour, A. Abbas, M. Borojeni, M. Karimi, and S. Eslami (2023). Application of Ensemble Machine Learning Approach to Assess the Factors Affecting Size and Polydispersity Index of Liposomal Nanoparticles. Scientific Reports; 1–11
Hossain, T. J. (2024). Methods for Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity: A Review of Protocols, Advantages, and Limitations. 14(2); 97–115
Islam, R., S. Maparathne, P. Chinwangso, and T. R. Lee (2025). Review of Shape-Memory Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Applications. 15(5); 2419
Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg (2008). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. 23 edition
Karki, S., H. Kim, S. J. Na, D. Shin, K. Jo, and J. Lee (2016). Thin Films as an Emerging Platform for Drug Delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(5); 559–574
Kinoan, C. M. (2025). Sustainable Production and Antibacterial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulose Nanofibers from Mushroom Waste. RSC Advances; 19726–19740
Kora, S. and L. Rastogi (2021). Recent Insights on Characterization of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrices. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 41; 100369
Li, C., K. Wang, F. Li, and D. Xie (2024). Green Fabrication, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of AgO/Ag/Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Films. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 17(1); 105380
Li, H. (2023). Use of TEM–EDS for Confirming Nanoparticle Distribution in Polymeric Nanocomposites. Micron
Madaniyah, L., S. Fiddaroini, E. K. Hayati, and A. Sabarudin (2025). Stability of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Acalypha Indica L. Plant Extract as Bioreductor and Their Potential as Anticancer Agents Against T47D. 10(1); 101–110
Mebed, A. M., A. H. Mohsen, D. J. Hassan, N. A. Ali, S. I. Hussein, F. T. M. Noori, A. M. Abd-Elnaiem, A. M. Alraih, and R. F. Abdelbaki (2026). A Flexible, Antibacterial Platform: Silver-Tuned Polyvinyl Alcohol with Enhanced Opto-Mechanical and Electrical Properties; 1–24
Mohamed, N. and N. G. Madian (2020). Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan Thin Films Doped with Greenly Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles. Materials Today Communications, 25; 101372
Montgomery, D. C. (2019). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Wiley, 10 edition
Mulyana, S. D., R. Sari, and A. S. Rijal (2024). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Bioreductant from Lime Juice Powder (Citrus Aurantifolia): Effect of Concentration and pH. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 24(5); 1445–1455
Nishigaki, M., K. Kawahara, M. Nawa, M. Futamura, M. Nishimura, K. Matsuura, K. Kitaichi, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Tsukioka, K. Yoshida, and Y. Itoh (2012). Development of Fast Dissolving Oral Film Containing Dexamethasone as an Antiemetic Medication: Clinical Usefulness. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 424(1-2); 12–17
Nugraheni, A. D., D. Purnawati, and A. Kusumaatmaja (2018). Physical Evaluation of PVA/Chitosan Film Blends with Glycerine and Calcium Chloride. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1011(1); 012052
Ounkaew, A., P. Kasemsiri, K. Jetsrisuparb, H. Uyama, Y. I. Hsu, T. Boonmars, A. Artchayasawat, J. T. N. Knijnenburg, and P. Chindaprasirt (2020). Synthesis of Nanocomposite Hydrogel Based Carboxymethyl Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Nanosilver for Biomedical Materials. Carbohydrate Polymers, 248; 116767
Psimadas, D., P. Georgoulias, V. Valotassiou, and G. Loudos (2012). Molecular Nanomedicine Towards Cancer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 101(7); 2271–2280
Ramezani, E., M. Jahanshahi, H. Hamishehkar, and M. Mohammadi (2022). Visualization Challenges of Metallic Nanoparticles Embedded in Biopolymer Films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(25); 52229
Rozilah, A., C. N. Aiza Jaafar, S. M. Sapuan, I. Zainol, and R. A. Ilyas (2020). The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Compositions on the Mechanical, Physicochemical, Antibacterial, and Morphology Properties of Sugar Palm Starch Biocomposites for Antibacterial Coating. Polymers, 12(11); 2605
Sati, A., T. N. Ranade, H. Khader, A. Yasin, and A. Pratap (2025). Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs): Comprehensive Insights into Bio/Synthesis, Key Influencing Factors, Multifaceted Applications, and Toxicity-A 2024 Update. ACS Omega, 10(8); 7549–7582
Savencu, I., S. Iurian, A. Porfire, C. Bogdan, and I. Tomut, ă (2021). Review of Advances in Polymeric Wound Dressing Films. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 168; 105059
Susilowati, E., S. R. D. Ariani, L. Mahardiani, and L. Izzati (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Film with Silver Nanoparticle Addition as a Multiresistant Antibacterial Material. JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia), 6(3); 371
Takeuchi, Y., K. Umemura, K. Tahara, and H. Takeuchi (2018). Formulation Design of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Films for Use as Orally Disintegrating Dosage Forms. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 46; 93–100
Tang, C., B. Zhao, J. Zhu, X. Lu, and G. Jiang (2022). Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Sodium Cellulose Sulfate/Silver Nanoparticles Composite Films for Wound Dressing. Materials Today Communications, 33; 104192
Wardhono, E. Y., M. P. Pinem, S. Susilo, B. J. Siom, A. Sudrajad, A. Pramono, Y. Meliana, and E. Gu (2022). Modification of Physio-Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-Based Films via Physical Treatment Approach. 14(23); 5216
Yang, J., Y. Chen, L. Zhao, Z. Feng, K. Peng, A. Wei, Y. Wang, Z. Tong, and B. Cheng (2020). Preparation of a Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Chitosan/AgNPs Polyelectrolyte Composite Physical Hydrogel with Self-Healing Ability, Antibacterial Properties, and Good Biosafety Simultaneously, and Its Application as a Wound Dressing. Composites Part B: Engineering, 197; 108139
Zar, J. H. (2010). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Education, 5 edition
Zhang, D., W. Zhou, B. Wei, X. Wang, R. Tang, J. Nie, and J. Wang (2015). Carboxyl-Modified Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)Crosslinked Chitosan Hydrogel Films for Potential Wound Dressing. Carbohydrate Polymers, 125; 189–199
Zimet, P., A. W. Mombru, D. Mombru, A. Castro, J. P. Villanueva, H. Pardo, and C. Rufo (2019). Physico-Chemical and Antilisterial Properties of Nisin-Incorporated Chitosan/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 219; 334–343
Authors
Dwi Mulyana, S., Agus Syamsur Rijal, M., & Sari, R. (2026). Enhancing Chitosan-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Composite Film Properties by Silver Nanoparticles Grafting for Acne vulgaris. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.559-568
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.