Anticancer Efficacy of a Combination of Curcuma longa L. Rhizome and Annona muricata L. Leaf Extracts Against T47D Cells
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Keywords:
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Anticancer, Combination, Phytochemical Compounds, Soursop Leaf Extract, Turmeric Rhizome Extract
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. The use of combinations of natural products is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa L.) and soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are two natural materials known for their anticancer potential. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of turmeric rhizome and soursop leaf extracts and to evaluate the anticancer activity of their combination against T47D breast cancer cells. Turmeric and soursop leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol using the maceration method. Raw material standardization was performed by measuring water content, ethanol-soluble content, and water-soluble content. The extract was standardized by thin-layer chromatography. T47D and Vero cell lines were used in this study. Compound identification was performed using Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF-MS). The candidate combination ratio was determined using the simplex lattice design approach in Design Expert 13 software. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects were assessed using the MTT assay, while antimetastatic potential was evaluated through the scratch assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were analyzed by flow cytometry. IC_50 data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and post hoc testing was performed using Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. Antiproliferation and scratch assay data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. Apoptosis and cell cycle assay data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test. Phytochemical profiling indicated the existence of fifteen chemicals in both turmeric rhizome and soursop leaf extracts. The candidate combination ratio of turmeric rhizome to soursop leaf extracts was 1:21, exhibiting cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 32.2 ± 2.5 ug/mL. The combined extract was associated with antiproliferative, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic responses and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in T47D cells.
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Djamal, J. M., J. M. P, and R. M. Rukmana (2020). Aktivitas Sitotoksik Dan Antiangiogenesis Umbi Mentimun Papasan (Coccinia grandis L. Voight) Terhadap Sel Kanker Hela Yang Diinduksi Protein bFGF. Riset Informasi Kesehatan, 9(1); 51
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Ezzati, M., B. Yousefi, K. Velaei, and A. Safa (2020). A Review on Anti-Cancer Properties of Quercetin in Breast Cancer. Life Sciences, 248; 117463
Farghadani, R. and R. Naidu (2021). Curcumin: Modulator of Key Molecular Signaling Pathways in Hormone Independent Breast Cancer. Cancers, 13(14); 3427
Febriani, A., F. Pujiastuti, and T. Teodhora (2024). Characteristics of Chemotherapy Treatments for Breast Cancer Patients at Bhayangkara Tk.1 Pudsdokkes Polri Hospital, Jakarta. Indonesian Journal of Cancer, 18(3); 282–288
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Gajate, C., O. Gayet, N. A. Fraunhoffer, J. Iovanna, N. Dusetti, and F. Mollinedo (2021). Induction of Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells by the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Alkylphospholipid Analog Edelfosine and Potentiation by Autophagy Inhibition. Cancers, 13(23); 6124
Guo, W., Y. Ding, C. Pu, Z. Wang, W. Deng, and X. Jin (2022). Curcumin Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation by Regulating Beclin1 Expression and Inhibiting the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α-Mediated Glycolytic Pathway. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 13(6); 3254–3262
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Hermansyah, D., D. A. Paramita, and N. D. Amalina (2023). Combination Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri Extract Potentiate Antiproliferative Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 24(5); 1495–1505
Hu, S., Y. Xu, L. Meng, L. Huang, and H. Sun (2018). Curcumin Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16(2); 1266–1272
Ifandari, S. Widyarini, L. H. Nugroho, and R. Pratiwi (2020). Phytochemical Analysis and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Distinct Cultivars of Ganyong Rhizomes (Canna indica) against the WiDr Colon Cancer Cell Line. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(4); 1660–1669
Ilango, S., D. K. Sahoo, B. Paital, K. Kathirvel, J. I. Gabriel, K. Subramaniam, P. Jayachandran, R. K. Dash, A. K. Hati, T. R. Behera, P. Mishra, and R. Nirmaladevi (2022). A Review on Annona muricata and Its Anticancer Activity. Cancers, 14(18); 4539
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Kania, N., E. Y. Rahman, D. Priyandoko, A. H. N. Sabrina, W. Widowati, R. Azis, A. Annaba, D. S. Hadiprasetyo, and G. Alexandro (2025). The Potential of Ethanol Extract of Pasak Bumi Roots (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) as an Anti-Prostate Cancer In Vitro against PC-3 Cells. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 452–466
Klimek, K., K. Tyśkiewicz, M. Miazga-Karska, A. Dębczak, E. Rój, and G. Ginalska (2021). Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Polish “Marynka” Hop Variety Using Efficient Two-Step Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Comparison of Their Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Proliferative Activities In Vitro. Molecules, 26(8); 2366
Kouroshnia, A., S. Zeinali, S. Irani, and A. Sadeghi (2022). Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Novel Anticancer Metabolites of Streptomyces sp. 801. Cancer Cell International, 22(1); 1–13
Krisnayanti, N. P. E., S. Mariya, I. Indriawati, H. Dayana, B. F. D. Zaelani, R. R. Tjandrawinata, and H. S. Darusman (2024). Myristicin Inhibits Invasion and Migration of Melanoma Cells through Suppression of MMP2 and MMP9 Gene Expression. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 884–892
Maharani, A. A., N. Puspawati, and R. M. Rukmana (2024). The Phytochemical Composition of Medicinal Plants in Indonesia and Their Potential as Antibacterial Agents against Salmonella typhi ATCC 13311. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1312(1); 012035
Moghadamtousi, S. Z., H. A. Kadir, M. Paydar, E. Rouhollahi, and H. Karimian (2014). Annona muricata Leaves Induced Apoptosis in A549 Cells through Mitochondrial-Mediated Pathway and Involvement of NF-κB. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1); 299
Nasiri, M., N. Zarghami, K. N. Koshki, M. Mollazadeh, M. P. Moghaddam, M. R. Yamchi, R. J. Esfahlan, A. Barkhordari, and A. Alibakhshi (2013). Curcumin and Silibinin Inhibit Telomerase Expression in T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(6); 3449–3453
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Oh, M., A.-R. Han, J. Lee, S. Y. Choi, J. W. Choi, N.-E. Song, H.-D. Hong, Y.-K. Rhee, and C.-W. Cho (2024). LC-QTOF/MS-Based Profiling of the Phytochemicals in Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) and Their Bioactivities. Foods, 13(12); 1820
Pandey, P., F. Khan, H. A. Qari, and M. Oves (2021). Rutin (Bioflavonoid) as Cell Signaling Pathway Modulator: Prospects in Treatment and Chemoprevention. Pharmaceuticals, 14(11); 1069
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Authors
Pebriani, S. A., Bhagawan, W. S., Prastiyanto, M. E., Rukmana, R. M., Pratiwi, R., & Suhendi, A. (2026). Anticancer Efficacy of a Combination of Curcuma longa L. Rhizome and Annona muricata L. Leaf Extracts Against T47D Cells. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.405-419
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