Valorization of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Derived K₂CO₃ Catalyst: Structural Analysis and Application in Biodiesel Production
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Keywords:
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Valorization, Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB), K₂CO₃ Catalyst, Catalyst Characterization, Biodiesel Production, Transesterification
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis and performance of a K2CO3 catalyst derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) ash for sustainable biodiesel production. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed a dominant K2CO3 crystalline phase, while X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) confirmed a high potassium content (>40%). Despite its low surface area (0.11 m2/g), the catalyst demonstrated high transesterification activity, achieving an optimal biodiesel yield of 85.89% with 3 grams of catalyst. Its high thermal stability, strong base sites, and macroporous structure all contributed to enhanced catalytic efficiency. Sustainability and techno-economic assessments indicate the catalyst’s potential to reduce production costs, utilize biomass waste, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the EFB ash-based K2CO3 catalyst shows significant promise for supporting environmentally friendly biodiesel production and contributing to the transition to a green economy and renewable energy.
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Authors
Arita, S., Fitriyanti, R. ., Komariah, L. N., & Hadiah, F. (2026). Valorization of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Derived K₂CO₃ Catalyst: Structural Analysis and Application in Biodiesel Production. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.420-435
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