Optimalization Characteristics of the Formulation Essential Oil Nanobiopesticide: Citrus hystrix, Melaleuca cajuputi, and Cymbopogon citratus from West Aceh, Indonesia
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Keywords:
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Biopesticide, Essential Oil, Nanoemulsion, Stability, Volatile
Abstract
Research on essential oils as biopesticides is very much, so in the development of essential oils as biopesticides there are weaknesses, namely the nature of essential oils as the main ingredient is volatile, and environmental factors are easy to degrade. So it takes a formulation that can maintain the level of the main compound in the long term, and this can be achieved through nanoemulsion. Based on that, this study aims to optimalize the characteristics of the essential oil nanoemulsion formulation derived from Citrus hystrix (J-1), Melaleuca cajuputi (K-1), and Cymbopogon citratus (S-1) extracts so that it has properties worthy of being a biopesticide. So the method used is descriptive, by testing the stability of the formulation, transmittance, emulsion type, Particle Size Test, Polydispersity Index, and zeta potential. So the results of this study show that in the transmittance test J-1 (98.8%), K-1 (97.7%), S-1 (86.9%), pH test J-1 (5.94), K-1 (6.5), S-1 (6.68), viscosity test J-1 (4.63cPs), K-1 (4.34cPs), S-1 (4.39cPs), particle size test J-1 (10.9±0.05), K-1 (12.5±0.08), S-1 (12.6±0.15), polydispersity index test J-1 (0.563±0.04), K-1 (0.052±0.01), S-1 (0.635±0.08), zeta potential test J-1 (-18.9±1.51), K-1 (-19.9±1.41), S-1 (17.7±1.43). In the stability and emulsion type tests, the three formulation have the same characteristics, namely clear yellow color, distinctive odor, homogeneous, without sediment, without separation of 2 solution phases, and oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion type. Based on these data, it can be seen that the three formulation are stable and suitable to be biopesticides in further research.
References
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da Costa, J. T., M. R. Forim, E. S. Costa, J. R. De Souza, J. M. Mondego, and A. L. Boiça Junior (2014). Effects of Different Formulations of Neem Oil-Based Products on Control of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Beans. Journal of Stored Products Research, 56; 49–53
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Dunan, L., M. Tara, D. Nicolas, B. Sylvain, L. Anne-Violette, P. Nicolas, and M. Thomas (2023). Effects of Essential Oil-Based Formulation on Biopesticide Activity. Industrial Crops and Products; 1–12
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Ghazali, N. S. M. and R. Zakaria (2024). Preparation of Essential Oil Nanoemulsions and Its Incorporation in Chitosan-Based Edible Coating on Guava. Food Research, 9(1); 133–145
Ghormade, V., M. V. Deshpande, and K. M. Paknikar (2011). Perspectives for Nano-Biotechnology Enabled Protection and Nutrition of Plants. Biotechnology Advances, 29(6); 792–803
González, J. W., C. Yeguerman, D. Marcovecchio, C. Delrieux, A. Ferrero, and B. F. Band (2016). Evaluation of Sublethal Effects of Polymer-Based Essential Oils Nanoformulation on the German Cockroach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 130; 11–18
Guo, H. and X. Zhao (2008). Preparation of Microcapsules With Narrow-Size Distribution by Complex Coacervation: Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Concentration and Agitation Rate. Journal of Microencapsulation, 25(4); 221–227
Gupta, A. K. and A. S. G. Curtis (2004). Surface Modified Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Interaction Studies With Human Fibroblasts in Culture. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 15(1); 493–496
Habtemariam, S. (2018). Antidiabetic Potential of Monoterpenes: A Case of Small Molecules Punching Above Their Weight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1); 4
Hassanin, M. A., M. A. Abd-El-Sayed, and M. A. Abdallah (2017). Antifungal Activity of Some Essential Oil Emulsions and Nanoemulsions Against Fusarium oxysporum Pathogen Affecting Cumin and Geranium Plants. Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants, 4(3); 245–258
Ikawati, S., H. Toto, L. A. Abdul, and T. Hagus (2021). Toxicity of Nanoinsecticide Based on Clove Essential Oil Against Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Pesticide Science, 46(1); 1–7
Katas, H., E. Cevher, and H. O. Alpar (2009). Preparation of Polyethyleneimine Incorporated Poly(d,l-Lactide-co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles by Spontaneous Emulsion Diffusion Method for Small Interfering RNA Delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 369(1–2); 144–154
Kaur, G., C. Pankaj, and S. Halikumar (2013). Formulation Development of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Celecoxib for Improvement of Oral Bioavailability. Pharmacophore, 4(4); 120–133
Koh, P. T., J. N. Chuah, M. Talekar, A. Gorajana, and S. Garg (2013). Formulation Development and Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Efavirenz by Solid Dispersion Systems. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 75(3); 291–301
Lefebvre, G., J. Riou, G. Bastiat, E. Roger, K. Frombach, J. C. Gimel, and Others (2017). Spontaneous Nano-Emulsification: Process Optimization and Modeling for the Prediction of the Nanoemulsion’s Size and Polydispersity. International Journal of Pharmaceutics; 220–228
Liao, J. and H. Huang (2022). Preparation, Characterisation and Gelation of a Fungal Nano Chitin Derived From Hericium erinaceus Residue. Polymers, 14(3); 474–486
Listyorini, N. M. D., N. L. P. D. Wijayanti, and K. W. Astuti (2018). Optimisation of Virgin Coconut Oil Nanoemulsion Production. Journal of Chemistry, 12(1); 8–12
Ma’arif, B., R. Azzahara, F. Rizki, A. Suryadinata, A. Wafi, N. Maulina, and H. Sugihantoro (2023). Formulation and Characterisation of Nanoemulsions From 70% Ethanol Extracts of Clover Leaves (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.). Medical Sains, 8(2); 33–746
Majumdar, R., K. S. Alexander, and A. T. Riga (2010). Physical Characterisation of Polyethylene Glycols by Thermal Analytical Technique and the Effect of Humidity and Molecular Weight. Pharmazie, 65(5); 342–346
Martín, Á., S. Varona, A. Navarrete, and M. J. Cocero (2010). Encapsulation and Co-Precipitation Processes With Supercritical Fluids: Applications With Essential Oils. The Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 5(1); 31–41
Naiu, A. S., S. Berhimpon, R. I. Montolalu, N. J. Kawung, and P. Suptijah (2020). The Effect of HCl-Thermal Pressure Hydrolysis and High-Speed Destruction of Chitin on Particle Size Distribution and Functional Group of Nano-Chitin Compound. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 8(1); 197–205
Nath, U. and A. Puzari (2022). Ethnobotanical Study on Pesticidal Plants Used in Southwest Nagaland, India for the Development of Eco-Friendly Pest Control System. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42(4); 274–288
Noyes, P. D., M. K. Mcelwee, H. D. Miller, B. W. Clark, L. A. Van Tiem, K. C. Walcott, and E. D. Levin (2009). The Toxicology of Climate Change: Environmental Contaminants in a Warming World. Environment International, 35; 971–986
Nuryanti, N. S. P., B. Lina, Dulbari, S. Hery, S. Denny, Yuriansyah, Priyadi, R. Rizky, R. Fajar, Y. S. Evi, and S. M. Juwita (2023). Activity of Nanoemulsion Botanical Insecticides From Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas Essential Oil Against Sitophilus zeamais. Biodiversitas, 24(10); 5610–5617
Pedro, A. S., E. Santo, C. V. Silva, C. Detoni, and E. Alburquerque (2013). The Use of Nanotechnology as an Approach for Essential Oil-Based Formulations With Antimicrobial Activity. In A. Mendez-Vilas (Ed.), Microbial Pathogens and Strategies for Combating Them: Science, Technology and Education. Formatex Research Center, pages 1364–1374
Pratiwi, L., A. Fudholi, R. Martien, and S. Pramono (2018). Physical and Chemical Stability Testing of SNEDDS (Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) Preparations and Ethyl Acetate Fraction Nanoemulsions of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.). Traditional Medicine Journal, 23(2); 84–90
Rajendran, S. and V. Sriranjini (2008). Plant Products as Fumigants for Stored Product Insect Control. Journal of Stored Products Research, 44(2); 126–135
Regnault-Roger, C., C. Vincent, and J. T. Arnason (2012). Essential Oils in Insect Control: Low-Risk Products in a High-Stakes World. Annual Review of Entomology, 57(1); 405–424
Sari, W. F., H. Sri, and M. Risfidian (2025). Development of Nanofiber Made of Nanocellulose With Oil Encapsulation of Eucalyptus sp. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10; 1074–1086
Shaikh, J., R. Bhosale, and R. Singhal (2006). Microencapsulation of Black Pepper Oleoresin. Food Chemistry, 94(1); 105–110
Shakeel, F., S. Baboota, A. Ahuja, J. Ali, M. S. Faisal, and S. Shafiq (2008). Stability Evaluation of Celecoxib Nanoemulsion Containing Tween 80. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32; 4–9
Sisak, M., R. Daik, and S. Ramli (2017). Study on the Effect of Oil Phase and Co-Surfactant on Microemulsion System. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 21(6); 1409–1416
Solans, C., P. Izquierdo, J. Nolla, N. Azemar, and M. J. García-Celma (2005). Nano-Emulsion. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 10; 102–110
Soliman, Y. M., W. S. Soliman, and A. M. Abbas (2023). Alley Cropping and Organic Compost: An Efficient and Sustainable Agro-Ecological Strategy for Improving Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Growth and Attributes. Agriculture, 13(1); 149
Suryani, I. (2024). Formulation of Nanobiopesticide From Four O’Clock Flower and Its Combination With the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ph.D. thesis, Universitas Hassanuddin, Makasar
Ullah, N., A. Amin, R. A. Alamoudi, S. A. Rasheed, R. A. Alamoudi, A. Nawaz, M. Raza, T. Nawaz, S. Ishtiaq, and S. S. Abbas (2022). Fabrication and Optimalization of Essential-Oil-Loaded Nanoemulsion Using Box-Behnken Design Against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolated From Oral Cavity. Pharmaceutics, 14(8); 1640
Vasconcelos, T., B. Sarmento, and P. Costa (2007). Solid Dispersions as Strategy To Improve Oral Bioavailability of Poor Water Soluble Drugs. Drug Discovery Today, 12(23–24); 1068–1075
Zanela, T., da Silva Marques, R. Santos Oleivera, L. Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira, V. Cardoso, Z. M. F. de Freitas, R. C. S. A. Barros, et al. (2018). Development and Characterisation of a Nanoemulsion Containing Propranolol for Topical Delivery. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 13; 2827–2837
Zewude, D. A., H. Izawa, and S. Ifuku (2021). Optimum Preparation Conditions for Highly Individualized Chitin Nanofibers Using Ultrasonic Generator. Polymers, 13(15); 2501–2510
Zhu, A., Y. Pan, S. Dai, F. Li, and J. Shen (2009). Preparation of N-Maleoylchitosan Nanocapsules for Loading and Sustained Release of Felodipine. Biomacromolecules, 10(7); 1997–2002
Authors
Sari, P. M., Lizmah, S. F. ., & Weihan, R. A. . (2026). Optimalization Characteristics of the Formulation Essential Oil Nanobiopesticide: Citrus hystrix, Melaleuca cajuputi, and Cymbopogon citratus from West Aceh, Indonesia. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.137-147
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