Oral Immunization with Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Retinoic Acid Boost Immune Response in Mice
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Allergy Reaction, Antibody, Lactococcus, Mucosal Immune, Vaccine
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most important approaches for preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission and spread. Oral vaccines are a promising option for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection because it can activate both the mucosal and cellular immune systems. Previous research has shown that administering oral and intranasal vaccines can induce an immune response in mice. The effectiveness of the SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine was evaluated in this study by combining spike protein with a carrier of food-grade recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacteria and a retinoic acid adjuvant. Mice were divided into three groups: a negative control (no treatment), a positive control (L. lactis recombinant), and a third group (L. lactis recombinant plus 300 μg retinoic acid). The vaccines were given three times, with a three-week interval between each. The serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were determined using the ELISA method at the end of the study. CD4 and CD8 cellswere detected using immunofluorescence. While not statistically significant, the results showed that the retinoic acid groups had the highest anti-spike antibody levels of the three groups. In comparison to the control group, CD4 and CD8 cells increased in the spleens of mice given retinoic acid. There was no difference in temperature or IgE levels between vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice, indicating that the vaccine caused no allergic reaction. This study’s findings suggest that retinoic acid adjuvant can stimulate the cellular and humoral immune system.
References
Abbas, A. K., A. H. Lichtman, and S. Pillai (2020). Les Bases de L’immunologie Fondamentale et Clinique. Elsevier Health Sciences
Ali, E. M., I. M. Mahmood, and S. A. H. Abdulla (2023). Study of Diameter Measurement of the White Pulp of Human Spleen in Different Age Groups. South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences, 5(2); 28–32
Alibolandi, Z., A. Ostadian, S. Sayyah, H. Haddad Kashani, H. Ehteram, H. R. Banafshe, M. Hajijafari, M. Sepehrnejad, N. Riahi Kashani, M.-J. Azadchehr, et al. (2022). The Correlation between IgM and IgG Antibodies with Blood Profile in Patients Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Clinical and Molecular Allergy, 20(1); 15
Bahey-El-Din, M. (2012). Lactococcus Lactis-Based Vaccines from Laboratory Bench to Human Use: An Overview. Vaccine, 30(4); 685–690
Bartsch, S. M., K. J. O’Shea, D. C. John, U. Strych, M. E. Bottazzi, M. F. Martinez, A. Ciciriello, K. L. Chin, C. Weatherwax, K. Velmurugan, et al. (2024). The Potential Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Economic Value of a Universal Coronavirus Vaccine: A Modelling Study. EClinicalMedicine, 68; 1–11
Borges, G. S. M., F. A. Lima, G. Carneiro, G. A. C. Goulart, and L. A. M. Ferreira (2021). All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Anticancer Therapy: How Nanotechnology Can Enhance Its Efficacy and Resolve Its Drawbacks. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 18(10); 1335–1354
Bos, A., M. van Egmond, and R. Mebius (2022). The Role of Retinoic Acid in the Production of Immunoglobulin A. Mucosal Immunology, 15(4); 562–572
Cesta, M. F. (2006). Normal Structure, Function, and Histology of the Spleen. Toxicologic Pathology, 34(5); 455–465
Chen, C., S. R. Haupert, L. Zimmermann, X. Shi, L. G. Fritsche, and B. Mukherjee (2022). Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 226(9); 1593–1607
Cirelli, E., A. Riccomi, F. Veglia, V. Gesa, M. De Magistris, and S. Vendetti (2015). Retinoic Acid Promotes Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses after Mucosal Priming and Systemic Boosting in Mice. Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 6(265); 2
Correa, V. A., A. I. Portilho, and E. De Gaspari (2022). Vaccines, Adjuvants and Key Factors for Mucosal Immune Response. Immunology, 167(2); 124–138
Grace, V. B. and S. Viswanathan (2017). Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Efficiency of a Novel Cationic Liposome Nano-Formulated All Trans Retinoic Acid in Lung Cancer Mice Model. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 39; 223–236
Hameed, S. A., S. Paul, G. K. Y. Dellosa, D. Jaraquemada, and M. B. Bello (2022). Towards the Future Exploration of Mucosal mRNA Vaccines against Emerging Viral Diseases; Lessons from Existing Next-Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategies. NPJ Vaccines, 28(7); 71
Hao, X., X. Zhong, and X. Sun (2021). The Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Its Formulation Design for Vaccines. The AAPS Journal, 23(2); 32
Kesuma, S., T. Y. M. Raras, S. Winarsih, T. Shimosato, and V. Yurina (2025). Lactococcus lactis as an Effective Mucosal Vaccination Carrier: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; 1–8
Lewis, S. M., A. Williams, and S. C. Eisenbarth (2019). Structure and Function of the Immune System in the Spleen. Science Immunology, 4(33); 139–148
Li, W., Y. Li, J. Li, J. Meng, Z. Jiang, C. Yang, Y. Wen, S. Liu, X. Cheng, S. Mi, Y. Zhao, L. Miao, and X. Lu (2024). All-Trans-Retinoic Acid-Adjuvanted mRNA Vaccine Induces Mucosal Anti-Tumor Immune Responses for Treating Colorectal Cancer. Advanced Science, 11(22); 2309770
Liu, M.-Y., Z.-Y. Yang, W.-K. Dai, J.-Q. Huang, Y.-H. Li, J. Zhang, C.-Z. Qiu, C. Wei, Q. Zhou, X. Sun, X. Feng, D.-F. Li, H.-P. Wang, and Y.-J. Zheng (2017). Protective Effect of Bifidobacterium infantis CGMCC313-2 on Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Asthma and β-Lactoglobulin-Induced Intestinal Food Allergy Mouse Models. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(12); 2149
Mei, J., N. Riedel, U. Grittner, M. Endres, S. Banneke, and J. V. Emmrich (2018). Body Temperature Measurement in Mice during Acute Illness: Implantable Temperature Transponder Versus Surface Infrared Thermometry. Scientific Reports, 8(1); 1–10
Mubarak, T. H., S. Maulita, O. R. Adianingsih, T. Tebbens, Jurjen Duintjer, and V. Yurina (2025). Optimization of Growth Conditions and the Inducer Concentration for Increasing Spike Protein Expression in Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Its Kinetic Modeling. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 44(3); 227–234
Mudgal, R., S. Nehul, and S. Tomar (2020). Prospects for Mucosal Vaccine: Shutting the Door on SARS-CoV-2. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(12); 2921–2931
Muharni, E., Nurnawati, H. Yohandini, and H. Widjajanti (2023). Isolation and Molecular Identification of Direct Red 80 Synthetic Dye Degradation Bacteria from Palembang Indonesia Jumputan Cloth Industrial Waste. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3); 429–435
Mwanza-Lisulo, M. and P. Kelly (2015). Potential for Use of Retinoic Acid As an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1671); 20140145
Nabila, S., A. Srihardyastutie, S. Prasetyawan, R. Retnowati, and Aulanni’am (2023). The Addition of Red Dragon Fruit and Lemon Peels for the Improvement of Fermented Beverage Products. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(1); 100–107
Oliveira, L. d. M., F. M. E. Teixeira, and M. N. Sato (2018). Impact of Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases. Mediators of Inflammation, 2018(1); 3067126
Panahi, Y., A. M. Gorabi, S. Talaei, F. Beiraghdar, A. Akbarzadeh, V. Tarhriz, and H. Mellatyar (2023). An Overview on the Treatments and Prevention Against COVID-19. Virology Journal, 20(1); 23
Parhusip, H. A., S. Trihandaru, B. A. A. Wicaksono, D. Indrajaya, Y. Sardjono, and O. P. Vyas (2022). Susceptible Vaccine Infected Removed (SVIR) Model for COVID-19 Cases in Indonesia. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(3); 400–408
Robinson, K., L. M. Chamberlain, M. C. Lopez, C. M. Rush, H. Marcotte, R. W. F. Le Page, and J. M. Wells (2004). Mucosal and Cellular Immune Responses Elicited by Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Strains Expressing Tetanus Toxin Fragment C. Infection and Immunity, 72(5); 2753–2761
Ross, A. C. and R. Zolfaghari (2011). Cytochrome P450s in the Regulation of Cellular Retinoic Acid Metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, 31(1); 65–87
Said, D. E., E. I. Amer, E. Sheta, S. Makled, F. M. Arafa, and H. E. Diab (2023). Nano-Encapsulated Antioxidant: Retinoic Acid As a Natural Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Immunization against Chronic Experimental Toxoplasmosis. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(2); 106
Sałański, P., M. Kowalczyk, J. K. Bardowski, and A. K. Szczepankowska (2022). Health-Promoting Nature of Lactococcus lactis IBB109 and Lactococcus lactis IBB417 Strains Exhibiting Proliferation Inhibition and Stimulation of Interleukin-18 Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13; 822912
Saleena, L. A. K., M. Y. M. Teo, Y. H. How, L. L. A. In, and L. P. Pui (2023). Immunomodulatory Action of Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 135(1); 1–9
Srilata, M. and K. Jayaram (2016). Hypothermia. In Complications in Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier, pages 331–344
Taghinezhad-S, S., A. H. Mohseni, H. Keyvani, and M. R. Razavi (2019). Phase 1 Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Oncoprotein Vaccine. Molecular Therapy Methods and Clinical Development, 15; 40–51
Tsang, H. F., L. W. C. Chan, W. C. S. Cho, A. C. S. Yu, A. K. Y. Yim, A. K. C. Chan, … , and S. C. C. Wong (2021). An Update on COVID-19 Pandemic: The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 19(7); 877–888
Ünsal, H., B. E. Şekerel, and Ü. M. Şahiner (2021). Allergic Reactions against COVID-19 Vaccines. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 51(5); 2233–2242
Valenzuela, N. M., M. J. Hickey, and E. F. Reed (2016). Antibody Subclass Repertoire and Graft Outcome Following Solid Organ Transplantation. Frontiers in Immunology, 7; 222911
Vilander, A. C. and G. A. Dean (2019). Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines, 7(4); 150
Worm, M., U. Herz, J. Krah, H. Renz, and B. Henz (2001). Effects of Retinoids on in Vitro and in Vivo IgE Production. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 124(1–3); 233–236
Worm, M., J. Krah, R. Manz, and B. Henz (1998). Retinoic Acid Inhibits CD40+ Interleukin-4-Mediated IgE Production in Vitro. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 92(5); 1713–1720
Wyszyńska, A., P. Kobierecka, J. Bardowski, and E. K. Jagusztyn-Krynicka (2015). Lactic Acid Bacteria—20 Years Exploring Their Potential As Live Vectors for Mucosal Vaccination. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(7); 2967–2977
Xu, X., P. Chen, J. Wang, J. Feng, H. Zhou, X. Li, … , and P. Hao (2020). Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus from the Ongoing Wuhan Outbreak and Modeling of Its Spike Protein for Risk of Human Transmission. Science China Life Sciences, 63(3); 457–460
Yoshida, A., R. Aoki, H. Kimoto-Nira, M. Kobayashi, T. Kawasumi, K. Mizumachi, and C. Suzuki (2011). Oral Administration of Live Lactococcus lactis C59 Suppresses IgE Antibody Production in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice Via the Regulation of Interleukin-4 Production. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 61(3); 315–322
Yurina, V. (2018). Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System. Medical Sciences, 6(2); 27
Yurina, V., O. R. Adianingsih, and N. Widodo (2023). Oral and Intranasal Immunization with Food-Grade Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing High Conserved Region of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Triggers Mice’s Immunity Responses. Vaccine: X, 13; 1–13
Zhai, K., Z. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Lv, L. Zhang, J. Li, Z. Ma, Y. Wang, H. Guo, Y. Zhang, and L. Pan (2023). Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Oral Administration of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing the S1 Protein of PDCov. Virology, 578; 180–189
Zhang, K., W. A. Mirza, P. Ni, M. Yu, C. Wang, B. Wang, S. Chang, L. Yue, R. Zhang, and G. Duan (2021). Recombination Lactococcus lactis Expressing Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein A Attenuates Food Allergy Symptoms in Mice. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 368(6); 1–7
Ali, E. M., I. M. Mahmood, and S. A. H. Abdulla (2023). Study of Diameter Measurement of the White Pulp of Human Spleen in Different Age Groups. South Asian Research Journal of Biology and Applied Biosciences, 5(2); 28–32
Alibolandi, Z., A. Ostadian, S. Sayyah, H. Haddad Kashani, H. Ehteram, H. R. Banafshe, M. Hajijafari, M. Sepehrnejad, N. Riahi Kashani, M.-J. Azadchehr, et al. (2022). The Correlation between IgM and IgG Antibodies with Blood Profile in Patients Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Clinical and Molecular Allergy, 20(1); 15
Bahey-El-Din, M. (2012). Lactococcus Lactis-Based Vaccines from Laboratory Bench to Human Use: An Overview. Vaccine, 30(4); 685–690
Bartsch, S. M., K. J. O’Shea, D. C. John, U. Strych, M. E. Bottazzi, M. F. Martinez, A. Ciciriello, K. L. Chin, C. Weatherwax, K. Velmurugan, et al. (2024). The Potential Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Economic Value of a Universal Coronavirus Vaccine: A Modelling Study. EClinicalMedicine, 68; 1–11
Borges, G. S. M., F. A. Lima, G. Carneiro, G. A. C. Goulart, and L. A. M. Ferreira (2021). All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Anticancer Therapy: How Nanotechnology Can Enhance Its Efficacy and Resolve Its Drawbacks. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 18(10); 1335–1354
Bos, A., M. van Egmond, and R. Mebius (2022). The Role of Retinoic Acid in the Production of Immunoglobulin A. Mucosal Immunology, 15(4); 562–572
Cesta, M. F. (2006). Normal Structure, Function, and Histology of the Spleen. Toxicologic Pathology, 34(5); 455–465
Chen, C., S. R. Haupert, L. Zimmermann, X. Shi, L. G. Fritsche, and B. Mukherjee (2022). Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 226(9); 1593–1607
Cirelli, E., A. Riccomi, F. Veglia, V. Gesa, M. De Magistris, and S. Vendetti (2015). Retinoic Acid Promotes Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses after Mucosal Priming and Systemic Boosting in Mice. Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 6(265); 2
Correa, V. A., A. I. Portilho, and E. De Gaspari (2022). Vaccines, Adjuvants and Key Factors for Mucosal Immune Response. Immunology, 167(2); 124–138
Grace, V. B. and S. Viswanathan (2017). Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Efficiency of a Novel Cationic Liposome Nano-Formulated All Trans Retinoic Acid in Lung Cancer Mice Model. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 39; 223–236
Hameed, S. A., S. Paul, G. K. Y. Dellosa, D. Jaraquemada, and M. B. Bello (2022). Towards the Future Exploration of Mucosal mRNA Vaccines against Emerging Viral Diseases; Lessons from Existing Next-Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategies. NPJ Vaccines, 28(7); 71
Hao, X., X. Zhong, and X. Sun (2021). The Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Its Formulation Design for Vaccines. The AAPS Journal, 23(2); 32
Kesuma, S., T. Y. M. Raras, S. Winarsih, T. Shimosato, and V. Yurina (2025). Lactococcus lactis as an Effective Mucosal Vaccination Carrier: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; 1–8
Lewis, S. M., A. Williams, and S. C. Eisenbarth (2019). Structure and Function of the Immune System in the Spleen. Science Immunology, 4(33); 139–148
Li, W., Y. Li, J. Li, J. Meng, Z. Jiang, C. Yang, Y. Wen, S. Liu, X. Cheng, S. Mi, Y. Zhao, L. Miao, and X. Lu (2024). All-Trans-Retinoic Acid-Adjuvanted mRNA Vaccine Induces Mucosal Anti-Tumor Immune Responses for Treating Colorectal Cancer. Advanced Science, 11(22); 2309770
Liu, M.-Y., Z.-Y. Yang, W.-K. Dai, J.-Q. Huang, Y.-H. Li, J. Zhang, C.-Z. Qiu, C. Wei, Q. Zhou, X. Sun, X. Feng, D.-F. Li, H.-P. Wang, and Y.-J. Zheng (2017). Protective Effect of Bifidobacterium infantis CGMCC313-2 on Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Asthma and β-Lactoglobulin-Induced Intestinal Food Allergy Mouse Models. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(12); 2149
Mei, J., N. Riedel, U. Grittner, M. Endres, S. Banneke, and J. V. Emmrich (2018). Body Temperature Measurement in Mice during Acute Illness: Implantable Temperature Transponder Versus Surface Infrared Thermometry. Scientific Reports, 8(1); 1–10
Mubarak, T. H., S. Maulita, O. R. Adianingsih, T. Tebbens, Jurjen Duintjer, and V. Yurina (2025). Optimization of Growth Conditions and the Inducer Concentration for Increasing Spike Protein Expression in Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Its Kinetic Modeling. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 44(3); 227–234
Mudgal, R., S. Nehul, and S. Tomar (2020). Prospects for Mucosal Vaccine: Shutting the Door on SARS-CoV-2. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(12); 2921–2931
Muharni, E., Nurnawati, H. Yohandini, and H. Widjajanti (2023). Isolation and Molecular Identification of Direct Red 80 Synthetic Dye Degradation Bacteria from Palembang Indonesia Jumputan Cloth Industrial Waste. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3); 429–435
Mwanza-Lisulo, M. and P. Kelly (2015). Potential for Use of Retinoic Acid As an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1671); 20140145
Nabila, S., A. Srihardyastutie, S. Prasetyawan, R. Retnowati, and Aulanni’am (2023). The Addition of Red Dragon Fruit and Lemon Peels for the Improvement of Fermented Beverage Products. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(1); 100–107
Oliveira, L. d. M., F. M. E. Teixeira, and M. N. Sato (2018). Impact of Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases. Mediators of Inflammation, 2018(1); 3067126
Panahi, Y., A. M. Gorabi, S. Talaei, F. Beiraghdar, A. Akbarzadeh, V. Tarhriz, and H. Mellatyar (2023). An Overview on the Treatments and Prevention Against COVID-19. Virology Journal, 20(1); 23
Parhusip, H. A., S. Trihandaru, B. A. A. Wicaksono, D. Indrajaya, Y. Sardjono, and O. P. Vyas (2022). Susceptible Vaccine Infected Removed (SVIR) Model for COVID-19 Cases in Indonesia. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(3); 400–408
Robinson, K., L. M. Chamberlain, M. C. Lopez, C. M. Rush, H. Marcotte, R. W. F. Le Page, and J. M. Wells (2004). Mucosal and Cellular Immune Responses Elicited by Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Strains Expressing Tetanus Toxin Fragment C. Infection and Immunity, 72(5); 2753–2761
Ross, A. C. and R. Zolfaghari (2011). Cytochrome P450s in the Regulation of Cellular Retinoic Acid Metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition, 31(1); 65–87
Said, D. E., E. I. Amer, E. Sheta, S. Makled, F. M. Arafa, and H. E. Diab (2023). Nano-Encapsulated Antioxidant: Retinoic Acid As a Natural Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Immunization against Chronic Experimental Toxoplasmosis. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(2); 106
Sałański, P., M. Kowalczyk, J. K. Bardowski, and A. K. Szczepankowska (2022). Health-Promoting Nature of Lactococcus lactis IBB109 and Lactococcus lactis IBB417 Strains Exhibiting Proliferation Inhibition and Stimulation of Interleukin-18 Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13; 822912
Saleena, L. A. K., M. Y. M. Teo, Y. H. How, L. L. A. In, and L. P. Pui (2023). Immunomodulatory Action of Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 135(1); 1–9
Srilata, M. and K. Jayaram (2016). Hypothermia. In Complications in Neuroanesthesia. Elsevier, pages 331–344
Taghinezhad-S, S., A. H. Mohseni, H. Keyvani, and M. R. Razavi (2019). Phase 1 Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Oncoprotein Vaccine. Molecular Therapy Methods and Clinical Development, 15; 40–51
Tsang, H. F., L. W. C. Chan, W. C. S. Cho, A. C. S. Yu, A. K. Y. Yim, A. K. C. Chan, … , and S. C. C. Wong (2021). An Update on COVID-19 Pandemic: The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 19(7); 877–888
Ünsal, H., B. E. Şekerel, and Ü. M. Şahiner (2021). Allergic Reactions against COVID-19 Vaccines. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 51(5); 2233–2242
Valenzuela, N. M., M. J. Hickey, and E. F. Reed (2016). Antibody Subclass Repertoire and Graft Outcome Following Solid Organ Transplantation. Frontiers in Immunology, 7; 222911
Vilander, A. C. and G. A. Dean (2019). Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines, 7(4); 150
Worm, M., U. Herz, J. Krah, H. Renz, and B. Henz (2001). Effects of Retinoids on in Vitro and in Vivo IgE Production. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 124(1–3); 233–236
Worm, M., J. Krah, R. Manz, and B. Henz (1998). Retinoic Acid Inhibits CD40+ Interleukin-4-Mediated IgE Production in Vitro. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 92(5); 1713–1720
Wyszyńska, A., P. Kobierecka, J. Bardowski, and E. K. Jagusztyn-Krynicka (2015). Lactic Acid Bacteria—20 Years Exploring Their Potential As Live Vectors for Mucosal Vaccination. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 99(7); 2967–2977
Xu, X., P. Chen, J. Wang, J. Feng, H. Zhou, X. Li, … , and P. Hao (2020). Evolution of the Novel Coronavirus from the Ongoing Wuhan Outbreak and Modeling of Its Spike Protein for Risk of Human Transmission. Science China Life Sciences, 63(3); 457–460
Yoshida, A., R. Aoki, H. Kimoto-Nira, M. Kobayashi, T. Kawasumi, K. Mizumachi, and C. Suzuki (2011). Oral Administration of Live Lactococcus lactis C59 Suppresses IgE Antibody Production in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice Via the Regulation of Interleukin-4 Production. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 61(3); 315–322
Yurina, V. (2018). Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System. Medical Sciences, 6(2); 27
Yurina, V., O. R. Adianingsih, and N. Widodo (2023). Oral and Intranasal Immunization with Food-Grade Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing High Conserved Region of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Triggers Mice’s Immunity Responses. Vaccine: X, 13; 1–13
Zhai, K., Z. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Lv, L. Zhang, J. Li, Z. Ma, Y. Wang, H. Guo, Y. Zhang, and L. Pan (2023). Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Oral Administration of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing the S1 Protein of PDCov. Virology, 578; 180–189
Zhang, K., W. A. Mirza, P. Ni, M. Yu, C. Wang, B. Wang, S. Chang, L. Yue, R. Zhang, and G. Duan (2021). Recombination Lactococcus lactis Expressing Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein A Attenuates Food Allergy Symptoms in Mice. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 368(6); 1–7
Authors
Nugroho, I. C. ., Amalia, M. N. ., Juniardi, M. R. ., Marhendra, E. B. ., Yanma, N. A. ., Adianingsih, O. R., Winarsih, S., Widodo, N., & Yurina, V. (2026). Oral Immunization with Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Retinoic Acid Boost Immune Response in Mice. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.55-64
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.