Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrogel Cassava Pulp–Poly (Acrylate – Acrylamide) at Various Concentrations of Acrylic Acid and Crosslinker
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Keywords:
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Acrylic Acid, Cassava Pulp, Hydrogel, Methylene Bis-Acrilamide, Swelling
Abstract
Cassava pulp or bagasse is a by-product of cassava processing with high starch and cellulose, showing strong potential for development into various high-value products, including hydrogel. Hydrogel is a polymer capable of absorbing a large amount of water without dissolving and is suitable for several applications. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize hydrogel made from cassava waste pulp with different concentrations of acrylamide and acrylic acid (AA). The treatments used were the percentage of acrylic acid, namely 0, 5, 15, 25, and 35%, alongside N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) percentages (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%). Parameters observed were swelling, swelling kinetics, gel fraction, mechanical properties, and surface morphology. The results showed that the addition of acrylic acid and crosslinking with MBA had a significant effect on swelling, gel fraction, and mechanical properties at a significant level of 5%. FTIR confirmed the chemical interaction comprising acrylic-acrylamide acid andMBA in cassava pulp. In line with the analysis, the best treatment was obtained from 25% acrylic acid percentage and 0.5% MBA concentration with 1058% swelling value and 70.05% gel fraction. This hydrogel had a hardness of 6.46 mJ, 5.39 kPa modulus of elasticity, and 4.34 x 1023 m-3 active bonds per unit volume, showing the potential for use in agricultural fields as a planting medium, water carrier, and fertilizer protector.
References
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Pourjavadi, A. (2007). Optimization of Synthetic Conditions CMC-g-Poly (Acrylic Acid)/Celite Composite Superabsorbent by Taguchi Method and Determination of Its Absorbency under Load. Express Polymer Letters, 1; 488–494
Prasad, R., D. Sharma, K. D. Yadav, and H. Ibrahim (2021). Preliminary Study on Greywater Treatment Using Water Hyacinth. AppliedWater Science, 11(6); 1–8
Purohit, P., A. Bhatt, R. K. Mittal, M. H. Abdellattif, and T. A. Farghaly (2023). Polymer Grafting and Its Chemical Reactions. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11(10); 1044927
Puspita, I., M. Kurniati, C. Winarti, and A. Maddu (2023). Superabsorbent Hydrogel from Cassava Waste Pulp–Acrylamide–Acrylic Acid to Increase Water Holding Capacity in Sandy Soils. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1267. IOP Publishing, page 012088
Puspita, I., C. Winarti, A. Maddu, and M. Kurniati (2019). Synthesis of Cassava Starch-Based Nano-Hydrogels Using Gamma Irradiation. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 299. IOP Publishing, pages 1–10
Qureshi, M. A., N. Nishat, S. Jadoun, and M. Z. Ansari (2020). Polysaccharide-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels and Their Methods of Synthesis: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 1; 100014
Rather, R. A., M. A. Bhat, and A. H. Shalla (2022). An Insight into Synthetic and Physiological Aspects of Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Carbohydrate Type Polymers for Various Applications: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 3; 100202–100217
Razali, M. A. A., H. Ismail, and A. Ariffin (2015). Graft Copolymerization of PolyDADMAC to Cassava Starch: Evaluation of Process Variables via Central Composite Design. Industrial Crops and Products, 65; 535–545
Ribeiro, M. M., M. Simões, C. Vitorino, and F. M. Melo (2025). Physical Crosslinking of Hydrogels: The Potential of Dynamic and Reversible Bonds in Burn Care. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 542; 216868
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Saruchi, V. Kumar, H. Mittal, and S. M. Alhassan (2019). Biodegradable Hydrogels of Tragacanth Gum Polysaccharide to Improve Water Retention Capacity of Soil and Environmentally Friendly Controlled Release of Agrochemicals. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132; 1252–1261
Seidi, F.,W. Zhao, H. Xiao, Y. Jin, M. R. Saeb, and C. Zhao (2020). Radical Polymerization as a Versatile Tool for Surface Grafting of Thin Hydrogel Films. Polymer Chemistry, 11(27); 4355–4381
Shishkhanova, K. B., V. S. Molchanov, I. V. Prokopiv, A. R. Khokhlov, and O. R. Philippova (2025). The Potential for Reusing Superabsorbent Polymer from Baby Diapers for Water Retention in Agriculture. Gels, 11(10); 795
Sunarti, T. C., M. I. Febrian, E. Ruriani, and I. Yuliasih (2019). Some Properties of Chemical Cross-Linking Biohydrogel from Starch and Chitosan. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2019; 1542128
Tao, J.,W. Zhang, L. Liang, and Z. Lei (2018). Effects of Eco-Friendly Carbohydrate-Based Superabsorbent Polymers on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Maize. Royal Society Open Science, 5; 171184
Wang, R., C. Cheng, H.Wang, and D.Wang (2024). Swollen Hydrogel Nanotechnology: Advanced Applications of the Rudimentary Swelling Properties of Hydrogels. Chemical Physics Materials, 3(4); 357–375
Winarti, C., M. Kurniati, A. B. Arif, K. S. Sasmitaloka, and Nurfadila (2018). Cellulose-Based Nanohydrogel from Corncob with Chemical Crosslinking Methods. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 209. IOP Publishing, page 012043
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Zhu, Y., X. Liang, C. Lu, Y. Kong, X. Tang, Y. Zhang, and H. He (2020). Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Oral Delivery Systems for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Nintedanib by Promoting Intestinal Absorption. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 586; 119569
Alka, P. Singh, R. R. Pal, N. Mishra, N. Singh, A. Verma, and S. A. Saraf (2024). Development of pH-Sensitive Hydrogel for AdvancedWound Healing: Graft Copolymerization of Locust Bean Gum with Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 661; 124450
Batara, B., S. Steven, M. Mulyana, A. S. Saputra, A. C. Hutahaean, E. V. Yemensia, E. S. A. Soekotjo, A. Z. Abidin, and A. P. R. Graha (2025). Recent Advances, Applications, and Challenges in Superabsorbent Polymers to SupportWater Sustainability. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 142; e56588
Chamorro, A. F., M. Palencia, and T. A. Lerma (2025). Physicochemical Characterization and Properties of Cassava Starch: A Review. Polymers, 17(12); 1663
Cheng, W. M., X. M. Hu, Y. Y. Zhao, M. Y. Wu, Z. X. Hu, and X. T. Yu (2017). Preparation and Swelling Properties of Poly(Acrylic Acid-co-Acrylamide) Composite Hydrogels. e-Polymers, 17(1); 95–106
Czarnecka, E. and J. Nowaczyk (2020). Semi-Natural Superabsorbents Based on Starch-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid): Modification, Synthesis and Application. Polymers, 12(8); 1794
Distantina, S., D. E. Banowati, L. H. Aprian, and M. Kaavessina (2025). Bead Gel Preparation from Cassava Bagasse Grafted Acrylamide and Carrageenan. Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(2); 45–52
Erizal, B. Abbas, S. G. Sukaryo, and D. R. Barleany (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Hydrogels of Partially Neutralized Acrylic Acid Prepared Using Gamma Irradiation: Swelling and Thermal Behavior. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 15(3); 281–287
Ghaffar, A. M. A., M. B. El-Arnaouty, A. A. A. Baky, and S. A. Shama (2016). Radiation-Induced Grafting of Acrylamide and Methacrylic Acid onto Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Removal of HazardousWater Pollutants. DesignedMonomers and Polymers, 19(8); 706–718
Halligan, E., B. S. H. Tie, D. M. Colbert, M. Alsaadi, S. Zhuo, G. Keane, and L. M. Geever (2023). Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydrogels Based on Poly(N-Vinylcaprolactam) with Diethylene Glycol Diacrylate. Gels, 9(6); 439
Ho, T. C., C. C. Chang, H. P. Chan, T. W. Chung, C. W. Shu, K. P. Chuang, T. H. Duh, M. H. Yang, and Y. C. Tyan (2022). Hydrogels: Properties and Applications in Biomedicine. Molecules, 27(9); 2902
Hussein, D. J., M. Satar, A. K. Al-Hamzawi, H. Shabbani, M. Ali Mutar, and M. R. Othman (2025). Photopolymerization of Hydrogel Using Three Types of Cross-Linking Agents: Effects ofWater Content, Mechanical and Thermal Properties. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 53; 400–409
Ibrahim, G. A. (2019). Synthesis of Poly(Acrylamide-Graft-Chitosan) Hydrogel: Optimization of the Grafting Parameters and Swelling Studies. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 5(2); 55–63
Jastram, A., T. Lindner, C. Luebbert, G. Sadowski, and U. Kragl (2021). Swelling and Diffusion in Polymerized Ionic Liquids-Based Hydrogels. Polymers, 13(11); 1834
Kanmaz, N., D. Saloglu, and J. Hizal (2018). Humic Acid Embedded Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) pH-Sensitive Hydrogel: Synthesis, Characterization, Swelling Kinetic and Diffusion Coefficient. Chemical Engineering Communications, 206(9); 1168–1180
Khejornsart, P., W. Meenongyai, and T. Juntanam (2022). Cassava Pulp Added to Fermented Total Mixed Rations Increased Tropical Sheep’s Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Ecology, and Microbial Protein Synthesis. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 9(4); 754–760
Kowalski, G., M.Witczak, and Ł. Kuterasiński (2024). Structure Effects on Swelling Properties of Hydrogels Based on Sodium Alginate and Acrylic Polymers. Molecules, 29; 1937
Kurniati, I., I. Nuraini, and C. Winarti (2021). Investigation of Swelling Ratio and Texture Analysis of Acrylamide–Nanocellulose Corncobs Hydrogel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1805; 012036
Kusumawati, R., Syamdidi, A. H. D. Abdullah, R. C. Nissa, B. Firdiana, R. Handayani, I.Munifah, F. R. Dewi, J. Basmal, and S.Wibowo (2025). Physical Properties of Biodegradable Chitosan–Cassava Starch Based Bioplastic Film Mechanics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10; 191–200
Ling, Y., L. Chen, M. Huang, C. Zhou, L. Yang, H. Niu, L. Su, Y. Yang, R. P. Pirraco, R. L. Reis, et al. (2022). A Novel Method for the Preparation of Poly (Acrylamide-Co-Ccrylonitrile) Upper Critical Solution Temperature Thermosensitive Hydrogel by the Partial Dehydration of Acrylamide Grafted Polypropylene Sheets. Gels, 8(6); 345
Mas’ud, Z. A., M. Khotib, M. Farid, A. Nur, and M. Amroni (2013). Superabsorbent Derived from CassavaWaste Pulp. International Journal of Recycling of OrganicWaste in Agriculture, 2(8); 1–8
Najihah, A. Z., M. Z. Hassan, and Z. Ismail (2024). Current Trend on Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications of Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanomaterial Reinforcement Hydrogels: A Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 271; 132411
Ninciuleanu, C. M., R. Ianchis, E. Alexandrescu, C. I. Mihaescu, C. Scomoroscenco, C. L. Nistor, S. Preda, C. Petcu, and M. Teodorescu (2021). The Effects of Monomer, Crosslinking Agent, and Filler Concentrations on the Viscoelastic and Swelling Properties of Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogels: A Comparison. Materials, 14; 2305
Ozan, K., M. Kanlik, and S. S. Ozer (2023). Investigation of Water Absorption Performance of Polyester-Woven Fabrics Coated with Superabsorbent Polymer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science; e54837
Parvathy, P. C., A. N. Jyothi, K. S. John, and J. Sreekumar (2014). Cassava Starch Based Superabsorbent Polymer as Soil Conditioner: Impact on Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties and Plant Growth. Clean – Soil, Air, Water, 42(11); 1610–1617
Perwatasari, D. D., R. P. G. Putri,W. Puspantari, I. Royanti, D. S.Wibowo, T. Hidayat, T.Wahyuni, H. Purwoto, L. P. Manalu, and H. H. Laksono (2025). Enhancing Iota Carrageenan Soft Capsules with Modified Starch. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10; 183–190
Phang, S. W., L. T. Sin, S. T. Bee, and T. T. Tee (2020). Release Kinetic Model of Nitrogen Released Encapsulated in Starch–Alginate Controlled Released Urea. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2233; 040006
Pourjavadi, A. (2007). Optimization of Synthetic Conditions CMC-g-Poly (Acrylic Acid)/Celite Composite Superabsorbent by Taguchi Method and Determination of Its Absorbency under Load. Express Polymer Letters, 1; 488–494
Prasad, R., D. Sharma, K. D. Yadav, and H. Ibrahim (2021). Preliminary Study on Greywater Treatment Using Water Hyacinth. AppliedWater Science, 11(6); 1–8
Purohit, P., A. Bhatt, R. K. Mittal, M. H. Abdellattif, and T. A. Farghaly (2023). Polymer Grafting and Its Chemical Reactions. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11(10); 1044927
Puspita, I., M. Kurniati, C. Winarti, and A. Maddu (2023). Superabsorbent Hydrogel from Cassava Waste Pulp–Acrylamide–Acrylic Acid to Increase Water Holding Capacity in Sandy Soils. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1267. IOP Publishing, page 012088
Puspita, I., C. Winarti, A. Maddu, and M. Kurniati (2019). Synthesis of Cassava Starch-Based Nano-Hydrogels Using Gamma Irradiation. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 299. IOP Publishing, pages 1–10
Qureshi, M. A., N. Nishat, S. Jadoun, and M. Z. Ansari (2020). Polysaccharide-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels and Their Methods of Synthesis: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 1; 100014
Rather, R. A., M. A. Bhat, and A. H. Shalla (2022). An Insight into Synthetic and Physiological Aspects of Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Carbohydrate Type Polymers for Various Applications: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 3; 100202–100217
Razali, M. A. A., H. Ismail, and A. Ariffin (2015). Graft Copolymerization of PolyDADMAC to Cassava Starch: Evaluation of Process Variables via Central Composite Design. Industrial Crops and Products, 65; 535–545
Ribeiro, M. M., M. Simões, C. Vitorino, and F. M. Melo (2025). Physical Crosslinking of Hydrogels: The Potential of Dynamic and Reversible Bonds in Burn Care. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 542; 216868
Sairi, N. N., S. Ibrahim, N. Hamzah, N. Ahmat, M. F. Hamza, W. M. F.Wan Ishak, and S. H. Saleh (2025). Crosslinking Effects on Swelling, Thermal and Physicochemical Properties of Hemicellulose-Based Hydrogels. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 27(5); 110–120
Saruchi, V. Kumar, H. Mittal, and S. M. Alhassan (2019). Biodegradable Hydrogels of Tragacanth Gum Polysaccharide to Improve Water Retention Capacity of Soil and Environmentally Friendly Controlled Release of Agrochemicals. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132; 1252–1261
Seidi, F.,W. Zhao, H. Xiao, Y. Jin, M. R. Saeb, and C. Zhao (2020). Radical Polymerization as a Versatile Tool for Surface Grafting of Thin Hydrogel Films. Polymer Chemistry, 11(27); 4355–4381
Shishkhanova, K. B., V. S. Molchanov, I. V. Prokopiv, A. R. Khokhlov, and O. R. Philippova (2025). The Potential for Reusing Superabsorbent Polymer from Baby Diapers for Water Retention in Agriculture. Gels, 11(10); 795
Sunarti, T. C., M. I. Febrian, E. Ruriani, and I. Yuliasih (2019). Some Properties of Chemical Cross-Linking Biohydrogel from Starch and Chitosan. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2019; 1542128
Tao, J.,W. Zhang, L. Liang, and Z. Lei (2018). Effects of Eco-Friendly Carbohydrate-Based Superabsorbent Polymers on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Maize. Royal Society Open Science, 5; 171184
Wang, R., C. Cheng, H.Wang, and D.Wang (2024). Swollen Hydrogel Nanotechnology: Advanced Applications of the Rudimentary Swelling Properties of Hydrogels. Chemical Physics Materials, 3(4); 357–375
Winarti, C., M. Kurniati, A. B. Arif, K. S. Sasmitaloka, and Nurfadila (2018). Cellulose-Based Nanohydrogel from Corncob with Chemical Crosslinking Methods. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 209. IOP Publishing, page 012043
Yammine, P., A. El Safad, R. Kassab, H. El-Nakat, P. J. Obeid, Z. Nasr, T. Tannous, N. Sari-Chmayssem, A. Mansour, and A. Chmayssem (2025). Types of Crosslinkers and Their Applications in Biomaterials and Biomembranes. Chemistry, 7; 61
Zhang, Y., P. Gao, L. Zhao, and Y. Chen (2016). Preparation and Swelling Properties of a Starch-g-Poly (Acrylic Acid)/Organo-Mordenite Hydrogel Composite. Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering, 10(1); 147–161
Zhu, Y., X. Liang, C. Lu, Y. Kong, X. Tang, Y. Zhang, and H. He (2020). Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as Oral Delivery Systems for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Nintedanib by Promoting Intestinal Absorption. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 586; 119569
Authors
Winarti , C. ., Kurniati, M. ., Puspita, I. ., Suwarda, R. ., Widaningrum, & Maddu, A. . (2026). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrogel Cassava Pulp–Poly (Acrylate – Acrylamide) at Various Concentrations of Acrylic Acid and Crosslinker. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 356–365. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.356-365
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