Antidiabetic Activity of Endophytic Fungi Extract from Leaves of Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray) Through α-Amylase Enzyme Inhibition
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Keywords:
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Diabetes Mellitus, ????-Amylase Inhibitors, Endophytic Fungi, Tithonia diversifolia, Bioactive Compounds, IC50
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem with an increasing number of sufferers. In this context, an important method for controlling blood sugar levels is the derivation of α-amylase enzyme inhibitors from natural materials such as endophytic fungi. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the potential of endophytic fungi from Tithonia diversifolia leaves as α-amylase enzyme inhibitors, secondary metabolites, as well as the character and identity of potential endophytic fungi. The stages included isolation and identification of endophytic fungi, extraction of secondary metabolites, α-amylase inhibition tests, analysis of bioactive compounds using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and identification of potential endophytic fungi. The results showed that DT3J1 (67.83 µg/mL), DM3J1 (69.36 µg/mL), DT2J2 (80.42 µg/mL), and DT4J1 (88.64 µg/mL) of the eight endophytic fungi isolates reported high potential as inhibitors of the α-amylase enzyme, with IC50 values classified as strong. Potential fungal extracts contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Meanwhile, molecular identification showed that potential endophytic fungi consisted of Curvularia pseudointermedia, Diaporthe passifloricola, Nodulisporium verrucosum, and Muyocopron laterale species. This research also provided scientific evidence on the potential of the endophytic fungus Tithonia diversifolia as a candidate for antidiabetic drugs.
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Widjajanti, H., E. Elfita, M. T. Sari, N. Hidayati, P. L. Hariani, and A. Setiawan (2023). Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Salam (Syzygium polyanthum). Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(5)
Widjajanti, H., C. V. Handayani, and E. Nurnawati (2021). Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Sembukan (Paederia foetida L.) leaves. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(3); 189–195
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Elya, B., R. Handayani, R. Sauriasari, U. S. Hasyyati, I. T. Permana, Y. I. Permatasari, et al. (2015). Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Extracts from Indonesian Plants by Inhibition of Alpha-Amylase, Alpha-Glucosidase and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(6); 279.
Fan, Y., L. Gao, P. Chang, and Z. Li (2020). Endophytic Fungal Community in Grape Is Correlated to Foliar Age and Domestication. Annals of Microbiology, 70; 1–8.
Gupta, A., V. Meshram, M. Gupta, S. Goyal, K. A. Qureshi, M. Jaremko, and K. K. Shukla (2023).
Fungal Endophytes: Microfactories of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Interventions; A Comprehensive Review on the Biotechnological Developments in the Field of Fungal Endophytic Biology Over the Last Decade. Biomolecules, 13(7); 1038.
Hashem, A. H., M. S. Attia, E. K. Kandil, M. M. Fawzi, A. S. Abdelrahman, M. S. Khader, M. A. Khodaira, A. E. Emam, M. A. Goma, and A. M. Abdelaziz (2023). Bioactive Compounds and Biomedical Applications of Endophytic Fungi: A Recent Review. Microbial Cell Factories, 22(1); 107.
Huamán-Castilla, N. L., E. E. Allcca-Alca, F. Hervas Nina, N. C. León-Calvo, F. Zirena Vilca, and Y. L. Vilcanqui Chura (2024). Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Antioxidant and ????-Amylase-Inhibitory Compounds from Red Seaweed Using Water–Ethanol Mixtures. Molecules, 29(21); 5018.
Jiang, H., M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, X. Li, J. Li, and C. Song (2022). First Report of Muyocopron laterale Causing a New Leaf Disease of Camellia sinensis in China. Beverage Plant Research, 2(1); 1–4.
Kaboré, B., M. Koala, C. Ouedraogo, L. Belemnaba, M. Nitiema, S. Compaoré, S. Ouedraogo, N. Ouedraogo, C. M. Dabiré, F. B. Kini, et al. (2023). High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activities, and Acute Toxicity of Leaves Extracts of Lannea velutina A. Rich. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 6(2); 410–423.
Kashtoh, H. and K. H. Baek (2023). New Insights into the Latest Advancement in a-Amylase Inhibitors of Plant Origin with Anti-Diabetic Effects. Plants, 12(16); 2944.
Kicel, A., A. Magiera, M. Skrzywanek, M. Malczuk, and M. A. Olszewska (2022). The Inhibition of a-Glucosidase, a-Amylase and Protein Glycation by Phenolic Extracts of Cotoneaster bullatus, Cotoneaster zabelii, and Cotoneaster integerrimus Leaves and Fruits: Focus on Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity and Kinetic Parameters. Molecules, 27(20); 7081.
Labioth, S., R. Mahfoudi, A. Djeridane, S. Benlhorma, and F. Moyse (2021). Phytochemical Characterization and High in Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Hammada elegans Algerian Extracts: A Potent Medicinal Plant. Phytothérapie, 19(1); 3–15.
Liu, Y., J. An, A. Safdar, Y. Shen, Y. Sun, W. Shu, X. Tan, B. Zhu, J. Xiao, J. Schirawski, et al. (2024).
Identification and Characterization of Nigrospora Species and a Novel Species, Nigrospora anhuiensis, Causing Black Leaf Spot on Rice and Wild Rice in the Anhui Province of China. Journal of Fungi, 10(2); 156.
Marin-Felix, Y., M. Hernandez-Restrepo, and P. W. Crous (2020). Multi-Locus Phylogeny of the Genus Curvularia and Description of Ten New Species. Mycological Progress, 19; 559–588.
Momina, S. S. and V. S. Rani (2020). In vitro Studies on a-Amylase and a-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Some Bioactive Extracts. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 12(2s); s72
Muniroh, L. and R. Solfaine (2022). Effect of Tithonia diversifolia Leaf Extract on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin Receptor Levels in Diabetic Rats. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 27(1); 63
Naila, S., A. Mushtaq, and M. Nadia (2024). Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Acetylcholinesterase, and ????-Amylase Inhibitors from Hippeastrum hybridum Extract. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 44(3); 496
Nasution, S. S. A., E. Elfita, H. Widjajanti, and F. Ferlinahayati (2024). Diversity, Bioactivity, and Phytochemistry of Endophytic Fungi in Various Organs of Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans) Mangrove. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 25(10); 3928–3942
Ning, L. Y., A. A. A. R. Azmi, D. F. Syamsumir, W. I. W. Ismail, and M. Maulidiani (2023). Phytochemical Screening, TLC Profile and 1H NMR Analysis of Passiflora foetida Extracts. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research, 5(2); 65–74
Nurnawati, E., H. Widjajanti, V. H. Sutandar, M. Harwati, E. Amelia, S. Alharzsa, and N. Tanzerina (2021). Potency of Endophytic Fungi from Nauclea orientalis L. As Antioxidant Producer. Berkala Penelitian Hayati, 27(1); 34–40
Oktiansyah, R., E. Elfita, H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, M. Mardiyanto, and S. S. Nasution (2023). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from The Leaves of Sungkai (Peronema canescens). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(3); p2596
Oktiansyah, R., H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, et al. (2024). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Fruit of Sungkai (Peronema canescens). Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 17–27
Peyrot des Gachons, C. and P. A. Breslin (2016). Salivary Amylase: Digestion and Metabolic Syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports, 16; 1–7
Pratap, G. P., B. Jyothi, M. K. Husain, V. Nagaraj, and G. Sudarsanam (2021). Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Mollugo nudicaulis Lam.: A Controversial Plant Origin Ayurvedic Drug. Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal, 10(2); 44–52
Puspitasari, Y. E., M. A. Alfikri, R. Sitanggang, J. E. Tambunan, and H. Hardoko (2023). In Silico Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Ceriops decandra Griff. Leaves and Molecular Interaction as Anti Diabetes. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(4); 542–553
Rale, S. D., H. Hasim, and S. Falah (2018). Antioxidant Activity, Inhibition ????-Glucosidase of Ethanol Extract of Strychnos nitida G. Don and Identification of Active Compounds. Current Biochemistry, 5(3); 11–20
Siregar, P. I., S. Pujiyanto, and A. T. Lunggani (2022). Inhibitory Activity of Endophytic Fungi against Alpha-Amylase Isolated from Raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon). Berkala Penelitian Hayati, 28(1); 44–50
Srisongkram, T., S. Waithong, T. Thitimetharoch, and N. Weerapreeyakul (2022). Machine Learning and in Vitro Chemical Screening of Potential ????-Amylase and ????-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Thai Indigenous Plants. Nutrients, 14(2); 267
Suherman, S., B. Hamzah, S. H. V. Pulukadang, S. Rahmawati, M. F. Hardani, R. Hardani, and A. Saifah (2022). Antidiabetic Effect Test of Insulin Stem Extract (Tithonia diversifolia) Toward Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A); 1006–1010
Tamfu, A. N., N. Roland, A. M. Mfifen, S. Kucukaydin, M. Gaye, A. V. Botezatu, M. E. Duru, and R. M. Dinica (2022). Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth., Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray, and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel.) Benth. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(4); 103675
Terna, T. P., N. M. I. Mohamed Nor, and L. Zakaria (2022). Histopathology of Corn Plants Infected by Endophytic Fungi. Biology, 11(5); 641
Thangwaritorn, S., T. Abel, C. Lee, S. Ghafary, D. Rivera, J. Varughese, Y. Zeyu, and P. Sudhakar (2024). Benefits and Risks of Medications Used in the Management of Hypotension: A Review. Cureus, 16(1); 1–10
Widjajanti, H., E. Elfita, M. T. Sari, N. Hidayati, P. L. Hariani, and A. Setiawan (2023). Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Salam (Syzygium polyanthum). Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(5)
Widjajanti, H., C. V. Handayani, and E. Nurnawati (2021). Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from Sembukan (Paederia foetida L.) leaves. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6(3); 189–195
Yu, Z., H. Ding, K. Shen, F. Bu, G. Newcombe, and H. Liu (2021). Foliar Endophytes in Trees Varying Greatly in Age. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 160; 375–384
Zou, Y., Z. Zhang, Y. Zeng, H. Hu, Y. Hao, S. Huang, and B. Li (2024). Common Methods for Phylogenetic Tree Construction and Their Implementation in R. Bioengineering, 11(5); 480
Authors
Putri, H. A. ., Elisa Nurnawati, & Widjajanti, H. (2025). Antidiabetic Activity of Endophytic Fungi Extract from Leaves of Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray) Through α-Amylase Enzyme Inhibition. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.350-359
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