Extraction Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Rimpang Lempuyang Gajah (Z. Zerumbet): Green Solvent (NADES-UAE) (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) and MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction)
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Choline Chloride, Lempuyang Gajah (Z. zerumbet), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent), Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
Abstract
The Lempuyang plant is one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. One of the plants of the Lempuyang family that has not been widely researched is Lempuyang Gajah Zingiber zerumbet (L.). The commonly used method of extraction of phenolic compounds is maceration with organic solvents. The disadvantages are the amount of organic solvents that must be used and the long extraction time (days). An environmentally friendly solvent that has been successfully developed in the 21st century is eutectic or known as Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). In addition, NADES can also be used in conjunction with other extraction methods such as (UAE), and microwave aid (MAE). The results obtained were the synthesis of NADES with HBA (Choline Chloride) and HBD variations (Glucose, Lactic Acid, and Ethylene Glycol) with ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. In the maceration process, variations in time (2, 4, 6 hours) and variations in extraction methods (maceration, UAE and UAE-MAE) are carried out. The best TFC (Total Flavonoid Content) value data was obtained by NADES D (choline chloride: glycerol 1:2) of 697.24 mg QE/g extract through a combined ultrasonic and microwave method (UAE-MAE) while the best TPC (Total Phenolic Content) was NADES C (choline chloride: glycerol 1:1) of 2491.88 mg GA/g extract through a combined ultrasonic and microwave method (UAE-MAE). Meanwhile, the characterization of NADES synthesis to see the interaction of hydrogen bonds through FTIR analysis, and the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was carried out through HPLC-DAD.
References
Bajkacz, S. and J. Adamek (2018). Development of a Method Based on Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Flavonoids From Food Samples. Food Analytical Methods, 11(5); 1330–1344.
Bavesh, V. D., Y. Nayak, and B. S. Jayashree (2013). In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activity of Zingiber zerumbet (Wild Zin-Ger) Rhizome Extract. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(4); 482–489.
Bubalo, C. M., N. Ćurko, M. Tomašević, K. Kovačević Ganić, and I. Radojcic Redovnikovic (2016). Green Extraction of Grape Skin Phenolics by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Food Chemistry, 200; 159–166.
Chemat, F., M. Abert Vian, H. K. Ravi, B. Khadhraoui, S. Hilali, S. Perino, and A. S. Fabiano Tixier (2019). Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications, and Prospects. Molecules, 24(16); 3007.
Cheng, M., J. He, C. Li, G. Wu, K. Zhu, X. Chen, and L. Tan (2023). Comparison of Microwave, Ultrasound, and Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted Solvent Extraction Methods on Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts From Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Pulp. Lwt, 173; 114395.
Chondhe, A., K. Sapkal, and R. Taur (2024). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 84(6); 5–10.
Da’i, M., D. Setiawan, and R. Melannisa (2013). Potency of Radical Scavenging Activity and Determination of Total Phenolic Content of Five Ethanolic Extract of Rhizome Zingiberaceae Family. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 4(1); 457–462.
Dhanani, T., S. Shah, N. A. Gajbhiye, and S. Kumar (2017). Effect of Extraction Methods on Yield, Phytochemical Constituents, and Antioxidant Activity of Withania somnifera. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10; S1193–S1199.
Jahiddin, F. S. and K. H. Low (2020). Evaluation of Terpene Variability in the Volatile Oils From Zingiber officinale Using Chemometrics. Current Analytical Chemistry, 16(6); 695–702.
Jurić, T., D. Uka, B. B. Holló, B. Jović, B. Kordić, and B. M. Popović (2021). Comprehensive Physicochemical Evaluation of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 343; 116968.
Kaeswurm, J. A. H., A. Scharinger, J. Teipel, and M. Buchweitz (2021). Absorption Coefficients of Phenolic Structures in Different Solvents Routinely Used for Experiments. Molecules, 26(15); 4656.
Khuluk, R. H., A. Yunita, E. Rohaeti, U. D. Syafitri, R. Linda, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi, and M. Rafi (2021). An HPLC-DAD Method to Quantify Flavonoids in Sonchus arvensis and Able to Classify the Plant Parts and Their Geographical Area Through Principal Component Analysis. Separations, 8; 12.
Koga, A. Y., F. L. Beltrame, and A. V. Pereira (2016). Several Aspects of Zingiber zerumbet: A Review. Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26; 385–391.
Liew, S. Q., G. C. Ngoh, R. Yusoff, and W. H. Teoh (2016). Sequential Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted with Acid Extraction (UMAE) of Pectin From Pomelo Peels. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 426–435.
Minarno, E. B., V. S. Belina, D. Rimadhani, A. A. Pramudja, T. N. Punjungsari, A. Jannah, and M. Imamudin (2024). The Potency of Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber zerumbet) as Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: An Alternative of Anti-Diabetes Drugs. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1312. IOP Publishing, page 012042.
Moreira da Silva, T., C. D. Pinheiro, P. Puccinelli Orlandi, C. C. Pinheiro, and G. Soares Pontes (2018). Zerumbone From Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent Against the Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18; 1–9.
Mukherjee, S., S. Rizal, S. Singh, A. Hooi, P. K. Ghosh, A. Hossain, and K. Atta (2024). Methodologies for Identification, Purification, and Characterization of Bacterial Secondary Metabolites. In Bacterial Secondary Metabolites. Elsevier, pages 381–397.
Murini, T., M. S. H. Wahyuningsih, A. Fudholi, and T. B. T. Satoto (2020). Optimization of Formula Granule of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L) JE Smith) Rhizome Purified Extract as a Larvicide. Trad. Med. J., 25(1); 34–41.
Pingret, D., A.-S. Fabiano-Tixier, and F. Chemat (2013). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. In Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications, chapter 3. Royal Society of Chemistry, pages 89–112.
Prasetyaningrum, A., B. Jos, R. Ratnawati, N. Rokhati, T. Riyanto, and G. R. Prinanda (2022). Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid From Moringa oleifera: Product Characteristic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 22(2); 303–316.
Rahayu, I. D., W. Widodo, A. Sutanto, and A. D. Anggraini (2020). The Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith) Extract Supplementation in Broilers Feed to Suppress Foodborne Disease “Salmonellosis” for Consumers’ Health Safety Effort. In International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020). Atlantis Press, pages 343–347.
Santana, A. P., J. A. Mora-Vargas, T. G. Guimaraes, C. D. Amaral, A. Oliveira, and M. H. Gonzalez (2019). Sustainable Synthesis of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) by Different Methods. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 293; 111452.
Sekar, M., F. N. A. Jaffar, N. H. Zahari, N. Mokhtar, N. A. Zulkifli, R. A. Kamaruzaman, and S. Abdullah (2014). Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Red and Yellow Rambutan Fruit Peel Extracts. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(24); 3869.
Stéphane, F. F. Y., B. K. J. Jules, G. E. S. Batiha, I. Ali, and L. N. Bruno (2021). Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Medicinal Plants and Herbs. In Natural Medicinal Plants, pages 1–39.
Vo, T. P., T. V. Pham, K. Weina, T. N. H. Tran, L. T. V. Vo, P. T. Nguyen, and D. Q. Nguyen (2023). Green Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids From Black Mulberry Fruit Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization and Surface Morphology. BMC Chemistry, 17(1); 119.
Wang, X., M. J. Peng, Z. H. Wang, Q. L. Yang, and S. Peng (2020). Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid Compounds From Eucommia ulmoides Leaves and An Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Archives of Biological Sciences, 72(2); 211–221.
Yudha, S. S., E. Angasa, M. A. Reagen, and M. Kazi (2024). Molecular Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV-Vis) Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Investigation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent of N, N-Dimethyl Urea-Citric Acid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 167–172.
Bavesh, V. D., Y. Nayak, and B. S. Jayashree (2013). In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activity of Zingiber zerumbet (Wild Zin-Ger) Rhizome Extract. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(4); 482–489.
Bubalo, C. M., N. Ćurko, M. Tomašević, K. Kovačević Ganić, and I. Radojcic Redovnikovic (2016). Green Extraction of Grape Skin Phenolics by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Food Chemistry, 200; 159–166.
Chemat, F., M. Abert Vian, H. K. Ravi, B. Khadhraoui, S. Hilali, S. Perino, and A. S. Fabiano Tixier (2019). Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications, and Prospects. Molecules, 24(16); 3007.
Cheng, M., J. He, C. Li, G. Wu, K. Zhu, X. Chen, and L. Tan (2023). Comparison of Microwave, Ultrasound, and Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted Solvent Extraction Methods on Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts From Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Pulp. Lwt, 173; 114395.
Chondhe, A., K. Sapkal, and R. Taur (2024). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 84(6); 5–10.
Da’i, M., D. Setiawan, and R. Melannisa (2013). Potency of Radical Scavenging Activity and Determination of Total Phenolic Content of Five Ethanolic Extract of Rhizome Zingiberaceae Family. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 4(1); 457–462.
Dhanani, T., S. Shah, N. A. Gajbhiye, and S. Kumar (2017). Effect of Extraction Methods on Yield, Phytochemical Constituents, and Antioxidant Activity of Withania somnifera. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10; S1193–S1199.
Jahiddin, F. S. and K. H. Low (2020). Evaluation of Terpene Variability in the Volatile Oils From Zingiber officinale Using Chemometrics. Current Analytical Chemistry, 16(6); 695–702.
Jurić, T., D. Uka, B. B. Holló, B. Jović, B. Kordić, and B. M. Popović (2021). Comprehensive Physicochemical Evaluation of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 343; 116968.
Kaeswurm, J. A. H., A. Scharinger, J. Teipel, and M. Buchweitz (2021). Absorption Coefficients of Phenolic Structures in Different Solvents Routinely Used for Experiments. Molecules, 26(15); 4656.
Khuluk, R. H., A. Yunita, E. Rohaeti, U. D. Syafitri, R. Linda, L. W. Lim, T. Takeuchi, and M. Rafi (2021). An HPLC-DAD Method to Quantify Flavonoids in Sonchus arvensis and Able to Classify the Plant Parts and Their Geographical Area Through Principal Component Analysis. Separations, 8; 12.
Koga, A. Y., F. L. Beltrame, and A. V. Pereira (2016). Several Aspects of Zingiber zerumbet: A Review. Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26; 385–391.
Liew, S. Q., G. C. Ngoh, R. Yusoff, and W. H. Teoh (2016). Sequential Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted with Acid Extraction (UMAE) of Pectin From Pomelo Peels. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 426–435.
Minarno, E. B., V. S. Belina, D. Rimadhani, A. A. Pramudja, T. N. Punjungsari, A. Jannah, and M. Imamudin (2024). The Potency of Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber zerumbet) as Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: An Alternative of Anti-Diabetes Drugs. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1312. IOP Publishing, page 012042.
Moreira da Silva, T., C. D. Pinheiro, P. Puccinelli Orlandi, C. C. Pinheiro, and G. Soares Pontes (2018). Zerumbone From Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent Against the Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18; 1–9.
Mukherjee, S., S. Rizal, S. Singh, A. Hooi, P. K. Ghosh, A. Hossain, and K. Atta (2024). Methodologies for Identification, Purification, and Characterization of Bacterial Secondary Metabolites. In Bacterial Secondary Metabolites. Elsevier, pages 381–397.
Murini, T., M. S. H. Wahyuningsih, A. Fudholi, and T. B. T. Satoto (2020). Optimization of Formula Granule of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L) JE Smith) Rhizome Purified Extract as a Larvicide. Trad. Med. J., 25(1); 34–41.
Pingret, D., A.-S. Fabiano-Tixier, and F. Chemat (2013). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. In Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications, chapter 3. Royal Society of Chemistry, pages 89–112.
Prasetyaningrum, A., B. Jos, R. Ratnawati, N. Rokhati, T. Riyanto, and G. R. Prinanda (2022). Sequential Microwave-Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid From Moringa oleifera: Product Characteristic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 22(2); 303–316.
Rahayu, I. D., W. Widodo, A. Sutanto, and A. D. Anggraini (2020). The Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith) Extract Supplementation in Broilers Feed to Suppress Foodborne Disease “Salmonellosis” for Consumers’ Health Safety Effort. In International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2020). Atlantis Press, pages 343–347.
Santana, A. P., J. A. Mora-Vargas, T. G. Guimaraes, C. D. Amaral, A. Oliveira, and M. H. Gonzalez (2019). Sustainable Synthesis of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) by Different Methods. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 293; 111452.
Sekar, M., F. N. A. Jaffar, N. H. Zahari, N. Mokhtar, N. A. Zulkifli, R. A. Kamaruzaman, and S. Abdullah (2014). Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Red and Yellow Rambutan Fruit Peel Extracts. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(24); 3869.
Stéphane, F. F. Y., B. K. J. Jules, G. E. S. Batiha, I. Ali, and L. N. Bruno (2021). Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Medicinal Plants and Herbs. In Natural Medicinal Plants, pages 1–39.
Vo, T. P., T. V. Pham, K. Weina, T. N. H. Tran, L. T. V. Vo, P. T. Nguyen, and D. Q. Nguyen (2023). Green Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids From Black Mulberry Fruit Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization and Surface Morphology. BMC Chemistry, 17(1); 119.
Wang, X., M. J. Peng, Z. H. Wang, Q. L. Yang, and S. Peng (2020). Ultrasound-Microwave Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid Compounds From Eucommia ulmoides Leaves and An Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Archives of Biological Sciences, 72(2); 211–221.
Yudha, S. S., E. Angasa, M. A. Reagen, and M. Kazi (2024). Molecular Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV-Vis) Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Investigation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent of N, N-Dimethyl Urea-Citric Acid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 167–172.
Authors
Berghuis, N. T., Nursanto, E. B., Nanda, E. V., Maryana, E. ., Tjokrokusuma, D. ., & Kurniawati, F. (2025). Extraction Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Rimpang Lempuyang Gajah (Z. Zerumbet): Green Solvent (NADES-UAE) (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) and MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction). Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1179–1187. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1179-1187
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.