Enhanced Performance of Epoxy Resin-Polyimide Hybrid Composites with Aminated Carbon Nanofibers Filler
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Keywords:
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Carbon Nanofiber, Amine Modification, Epoxy Resin, Polyimide, Composites
Abstract
Incorporating epoxy resin (ER) and polyimide (PI) with supporting filler will exhibit composites with exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic shielding properties. This research investigates the preparation of aminated carbon nanofiber (CNF) as a filler in epoxy resin-polyimide hybrid composites. The preparation of the CNF filler was initially done by the purification process through dissolution in toluene and vacuum annealing at 800°C for 3 hours. The amine modification of CNF was done by reacting CNF with ethylenediamine, sodium nitrite, and sulfuric acid. The aminated CNF was then mixed with polyimide precursor (oxydianiline and pyromellitic dianhydride), becoming poly(amic acid)-filler. The last step was combining poly(amic acid)-filler with epoxy resin diglycidyl ether bisphenol A and polyaminoamide as hardener. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images of CNF showed the overlapped bundle fibers with the average fiber diameter around 100-120 nm. The successful amine modification was analyzed through Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis by the functional group emergence of C–N (∼1153 cm-1), N H (3737 cm-1), primary amine N–H (1534 cm-1), and better dispersion in water. The aminated filler shows a better distribution in the polymer matrices observed through macroscopic images and a higher hardness value. The FTIR of composites shows the increasing intensity in the N–H, C O amide, and C–H functional groups, indicating the highly covalent bonds between polymers and the aminated CNF filler. The TGA graph shows the recognizable termination of the polyimide and epoxy resin matrices as major components in the composite. The ER-PI composites with aminated CNF filler show improved mechanical properties in the hardness, tensile properties, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency by around three-fold higher than composites with unmodified CNF filler.
References
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Chen, D. S., Chen, C. H., Whang, W. T., & Su, C. W. (2023). Interpenetration Networked Polyimide-Epoxy Copolymer Under Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control for Anticorrosion Coating. Polymers (Basel), 15(1), 243.
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de Souza, G., & Tarpani, J. R. (2021). Interleaving CFRP and GFRP with a Thermoplastic Ionomer: The Effect on Bending Properties. Applied Composite Materials, 28(2), 559–572.
Dhanasekar, S., Stella, T. J., Thenmozhi, A., Bharathi, N. D., Thiyagarajan, K., Singh, P., Reddy, Y. S., Srinivas, G., & Jayakumar, M. (2022). Study of Polymer Matrix Composites for Electronics Applications. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2022, 8605099.
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Elsafi, M., Almousa, N., Almasoud, F. I., Almurayshid, M., Alyahyawi, A. R., & Sayyed, M. I. (2022). A Novel Epoxy Resin-Based Composite with Zirconium and Boron Oxides: An Investigation of Photon Attenuation. Crystals, 12(10), 1370.
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Gaw, K., Kikei, M., Kakimoto, M.-A., & Imai, Y. (1996). Preparation of Polyimide-Epoxy Composites. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 30(1), 85–91.
Hashemi, S. A., & Mousavi, S. M. (2016). Effect of Bubble-Based Degradation on the Physical Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Resin Composite and New Approach in Bubbles Reduction. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 90, 457–469.
Havigh, R. S., & Chenari, H. M. (2023). Preparation and Characterization Study of γ-Fe₂O₃/Carbon Composite Nanofibers: Electrospinning of Composite Fibers Using PVP and Iron Nitrate as Precursors. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 25(12), 8684–8691.
Hsissou, R., Seghiri, R., Benzekri, Z., Hilali, M., Rafik, M., & Elharfi, A. (2021). Polymer Composite Materials: A Comprehensive Review. Composite Structures, 262, 113640.
Huang, L., Geng, X., Li, H., Jia, K., Liu, J., Xue, Z., Aydeng, A., Xi, W., & Liang, H. (2023). Thermal Response of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composite Laminate Coated with Highly Oriented Graphite Film Under Heating on Single Side. Applied Composite Materials, 30(3), 857–870.
Iuvshin, A. M., Tretyakov, S. D., Andreev, Y. S., & Gibadullin, I. N. (2020). Thermoplastic Polymer Composites Production by Automated Fiber Placement Method. Key Engineering Materials, 836, 78–83.
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Kanjana, N., Maiaugree, W., Tontapha, S., Laokul, P., Chingsungnoen, A., Pimanpang, S., Chaiya, I., Daengsakul, S., & Amornkitbamrung, V. (2023). Effect of Carbonization Temperature on the Electrocatalytic Property and Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Derived from Corncob and Sugarcane Leaf Agricultural Residues. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(9), 8361–8371.
Kausar, A. (2020). Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites with EMI Shielding Applications. In K. Joseph, R. Wilson, & G. George (Eds.), Materials for Potential EMI Shielding Applications (pp. 227–236). Elsevier.
Khan, M., Younes, M. H., Zaib, A., Farooq, U., Khan, A., Zahid, M., & Hussan, U. (2021). Investigation of Space Charge Behavior in Self-Healing Epoxy Resin Composites. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32, 1–9.
Khattak, M. J., Khattab, A., Zhang, P., Rizvi, H. R., & Pesacreta, T. (2013). Microstructure and Fracture Morphology of Carbon Nano-Fiber Modified Asphalt and Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures. Materials and Structures, 46(12), 2045–2057.
Kiran, M. D., Govindaraju, H. K., Jayaraju, T., & Kumar, N. (2018). Review-Effect of Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5, 22421–22424.
Kondawar, S. B., & Modak, P. R. (2020). Theory of EMI Shielding. In K. Joseph, R. Wilson, & G. George (Eds.), Materials for Potential EMI Shielding Applications (pp. 9–25). Elsevier.
Kranauskaite, I., Macutkevic, J., Borisova, A., Martone, A., Zarrelli, M., Selskis, A., Aniskevich, A., & Banys, J. (2018). Enhancing Electrical Conductivity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Composites by Graphene Nanoplatelets. Lithuanian Journal of Physics, 57(4), 232–242.
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Lavagna, L., Nisticò, R., Musso, S., & Pavese, M. (2021). Functionalization as a Way to Enhance Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Matrices: A Review. Materials Today Chemistry, 20, 100477.
Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, W., Lin, Q., Chen, L., Weng, Z., & Xiao, Y. (2024). Rigid and Crosslinkable Polyimide Curing Epoxy Resin with Enhanced Comprehensive Performances. Polymer, 297, 126836.
Li, Y., Sun, G., Zhou, Y., Liu, G., Wang, J., & Han, S. (2022). Progress in Low Dielectric Polyimide Film—A Review. Progress in Organic Coatings, 172, 107103.
Lim, J., Bee, S., Sin, L. T., Ratnam, C. T., & Hamid, Z. A. A. (2021). A Review on the Synthesis, Properties, and Utilities of Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles for Polymer Nanocomposites. Polymers, 13(20), 3547.
Lincon, M. I., & Chalivendra, V. B. (2023). Dynamic Fracture Toughness and Damage Monitoring in Hybrid Composites. Applied Composite Materials, 30(6), 1907–1928.
Liu, Y., He, D., Dubrunfaut, O., Zhang, A., Pichon, L., & Bai, J. (2021). In-Situ Growing Carbon Nanotubes on Nickel Modified Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites for EMI Application. Applied Composite Materials, 28(3), 777–790.
Manikandan, M., Gunachandran, R., Vigneshwaran, M., Sudhakar, S., Srikanth, A., Venkateshkannan, M., Arivarasu, M., Arivazhagan, N., & Rajan, D. N. (2017). Comparative Studies on Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Bimetallic Combination on Incoloy 800 and SS 316L Fabricated by Gas Metal and Shield Metal Arc Welding. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 70(3), 749–757.
Mieloszyk, M., Majewska, K., & Ostachowicz, W. (2021). Application of Embedded Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Complex Composite Structures for Marine Applications. Marine Structures, 76, 102903.
Moaseri, E., Karimi, M., Maghrebi, M., & Baniadam, M. (2014). Two-Fold Enhancement in Tensile Strength of Carbon Nanotube–Carbon Fiber Hybrid Epoxy Composites Through Combination of Electrophoretic Deposition and Alternating Electric Field. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 51(3), 774–785.
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Authors
Saraswati, T. E., Saputri, D. D., & Raharjo, W. W. (2025). Enhanced Performance of Epoxy Resin-Polyimide Hybrid Composites with Aminated Carbon Nanofibers Filler. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 152–164. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.152-164
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