Identifying the Original Source of Megalithic Stones in Tambunan Using Spectral Signature Technique
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Keywords:
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Megalithic Stone, Myths, Remote Sensing, Spectral Signature, Tambunan
Abstract
Megalithic stones are a remnant of the ancient people. An intriguing megalithic stone legacy ought to emphasize the context in which it fits. Consequently, it is necessary to ascertain each megalithic stone’s historical context. This is significant for the archaeologist to obtain true and valid information. In Tambunan, there are numerous myths about megalithic stones. As a result, it is impossible to verify the story’s validity. These days, remote sensing has emerged as a crucial technical instrument for archaeologists to gather spatial data in both broad and localized locations. Prior research has demonstrated the efficacy of remote sensing in identifying archaeological site remnants. Nevertheless, there have never been any investigations utilizing remote sensing in relation to small-sized megalithic stones. Thus, this study employs spectral signature techniques and remote sensing to identify the original source of the megalithic stones discovered in Tambunan. This study carries out the spectral signature of megalithic stones in Tambunan using Sentinel-2A satellite image data with a 5-meter resolution using the SNAP application. Before that, the coordinates and measurements for each megalithic stone were obtained from the ground. The spectral signature of all the megalithic stones was then compared with the spectral signature of the stones near the river or near the hill. The study’s findings demonstrate that the spectral signature of the megalithic stones in question is identical to the stone found in the river near its location. As a result, this study was successful in providing scientific evidence that the river is the source of the megalithic stones in Tambunan, despite the stones’ considerable distance from their site.
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Adamopoulos, E. and F. Rinaudo (2020). UAS-Based Archaeological Remote Sensing: Review, Meta-Analysis and State-of-the-Art. Drones, 4(3); 46
Agapiou, A. (2020). Evaluation of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS Level-2 and Sentinel 2 Level-1C Fusion Techniques Intended for Image Segmentation of Archaeological Landscapes and Proxies. Remote Sensing, 12(3); 579
Agapiou, A., D. D. Alexakis, A. Sarris, and D. G. Hadjimitsis (2014). Evaluating the Potentials of Sentinel-2 for Archaeological Perspective. Remote Sensing, 6; 2176–2194
Agapiou, A., A. Hegyi, F. Gogâltan, A. Stavilâ, V. Sava, A. Sarris, C. Floca, and L. Dorogostaisky (2023). Exploring the Largest Known Bronze Age Earthworks in Europe through Medium Resolution Multispectral Satellite Images. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 118; 103239
Agapiou, A. and V. Lysandrou (2023). Interacting with the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Language Model ChatGPT: A Synopsis of Earth Observation and Remote Sensing in Archaeology. Heritage, 6(5); 4072–4085
Aminuddin, N. U. M., Z. Majid, F. N. Ahmad, A. Aspuri, M. F. Mohd Salleh, M. F. M. Ariff, K. M. Idris, and N. Darwin (2019). Development Of Geodatabase for Archaeological Site in Bujang Valley Kedah. In The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, volume 42. pages 409–415
Batista, J. E., N. M. Rodrigues, A. I. Cabral, M. J. Vasconcelos, A. Venturieri, L. G. Silva, and S. Silva (2022). Optical Time Series for the Separation of Land Cover Types with Similar Spectral Signatures: Cocoa Agroforest and Forest. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 43(9); 3298–3319
Chen, F., R. Lasaponara, and N. Masini (2017). An Overview of Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing in Archaeology: From Site Detection to Monitoring. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 23; 5–11
Chen, Y., Q. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Duan, M. Xu, and Z. Li (2016). A Spectral Signature Shape-Based Algorithm for Landsat Image Classification. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(9); 154
Cutillas-Victoria, B., M. Lorenzon, S. L. Smith, M. Holappa, and A. Lahelma (2024). Detecting Megalithic Structures in the Northern Jordanian Plateau: New Data from Historical Satellite Imagery. Archaeological Research in Asia, 39; 100540
Dimitrios, A., A. Sarris, C. Kalaitzidis, N. Papadopoulos, and P. Soupios (2016). Integrated Use of Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS, and Ground Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring Olive Oil Mill Waste Disposal Areas on The Island of Crete, Greece. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 37(3); 661–681
Duong, N. D., L. V. Anh, H. L. Thu, and N. K. Anh (2014). Spectral Signatures in Landsat 8 OLI Image and Their Interpretation for Land Cover Study. In 35th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, volume January, pages 1–9
Eboy, O. V. and R. A. Kemarau (2023). Study Variability of the Land Surface Temperature of Land Cover during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a Tropical City. Sustainability, 15(11); 8886
Harrison, R., C. DeSilvey, C. Holtorf, S. Macdonald, N. Bartolini, E. Breithoff, H. Fredheim, A. Lyons, S. May, J. Morgan, and S. Penrose (2020). Heritage Futures: Comparative Approaches to Natural and Cultural Heritage Practices. UCL Press
Huang, L., R. Luo, X. Liu, and X. Hao (2022). Spectral Imaging with Deep Learning. Light: Science & Applications, 11(1); 61
Kalayci, T., R. Lasaponara, J. Wainwright, and N. Masini (2019). Multispectral Contrast of Archaeological Features: A Quantitative Evaluation. Remote Sensing, 11; 913
Khalaf, N. and T. Insoll (2019). Monitoring Islamic Archaeological Landscapes in Ethiopia Using Open Source Satellite Imagery. Journal of Field Archaeology, 44; 401–419
Khan, M. J., H. S. Khan, A. Yousaf, K. Khurshid, and A. Abbas (2018). Modern Trends in Hyperspectral Image Analysis: A Review. IEEE Access, 6; 14118–14129
Lin, J., R. Wang, B. Zhao, S. Cheng, and X. Huang (2019). A Comprehensive Scheme for Lithological Mapping Using Sentinel-2A and ASTER GDEM in Weathered and Vegetated Coastal Zone, Southern China. Remote Sensing, 11; 505
Liu, Y., Q. Hu, S. Wang, F. Zou, M. Ai, and P. Zhao (2023). Discovering The Ancient Tomb under the Forest Using Machine Learning with Timing-Series Features of Sentinel Images: Taking Baling Mountain in Jingzhou as an Example. Remote Sensing, 15(3); 554
Padma, S. and S. Sanjeevi (2014). Jeffries Matusita Based Mixed-Measure For Improved Spectral Matching In Hyperspectral Image Analysis. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 32; 138–151
Palermo, R. (2022). Over the Frontier. Remote Sensing Analysis of the Roman Eastern Borderland in Mesopotamia through Declassified Satellite and Aerial Imagery. Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, 4; 89–110
Phelan, P. R. (1997). Traditional Stone and Wood Monuments of Sabah. Borneo Research Centre, Malaysia
Rahman, M. N. B. A. (2016). Stone Heritage of Malaysia. Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), Japan
Rogerio-Candelera, M. A., P. B. Ramérez, R. de Balbin-Behrmann, M. I. Dias, L. G. Sanjuán, M. L. Coutinho, J. A. L. Rodríguez, A. Z. Miller, A. W. Pike, C. D. Standish, M. I. Prudêncio, A. L. Rodrigues, J. M. de la Rosa Arranz, and D. Gaspar (2018). Landmark of the Past in the Antequera Megalithic Landscape: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Matacabras Rock Art Shelter. Journal of Archaeological Science, 95; 76–93
Roslan, S. A., F. Yakub, M. Saidin, S. Rambat, M. Attwa, and M. Z. A. Rashid (2021). A Comparative Assessment for the Archaeological Features Detection Using an Integration of Aerial Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity in Sungai Batu, Bujang Valley. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 49; 2959–2975
Sieng, K. T. and O. V. Eboy (2021). Ethnographic Patterns Map for Traditional Heritage of Kadazan Dusun Community Using GIS Analysis. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 17; 69–78
Sieng, K. T., O. V. Eboy, J. Pugh-Kitingan, B. B. B. Bee, A. H. B. P. Bagul, and Z. Baco (2023). Megalithic Stone Heritage Trail Mapping Using GIS as Tourism Product for Cultural Sustainability in Tambunan. Sustainability, 15; 3714
Tapete, D. (2018). Remote Sensing and Geosciences for Archaeology. Geosciences, 8(2); 41
Wang, J., M. Bretz, M. A. A. Dewan, and M. A. Delavar (2022). Machine Learning in Modelling Land-Use and Land Cover-Change (LULCC): Current Status, Challenges and Prospects. Science of The Total Environment, 822; 153559
Yunus, S. S., A. J. Sabin, M. T. Hasni, and Z. Ramli (2018). Penemuan Terkini Bukti Kebudayaan Megalitik Dan Pengubumian Tempayan Di Sabah [Recent Discovery of Evidence of Megalithic Culture and Urn Burials in Sabah]. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 31(2); 1–16
Zanni, S. and A. De Rosa (2019). Remote Sensing Analyses on Sentinel-2 Images: Looking for Roman Roads in Srem Region (Serbia). Geosciences, 9(25); 1–18
Authors
Eboy, O. V., Sieng, K. T., & Kemarau, R. A. (2024). Identifying the Original Source of Megalithic Stones in Tambunan Using Spectral Signature Technique. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4), 941–948. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.4.941-948
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