Optimization of a Modified QuEChERS Method of Experimental Design for Vitamin B2, B3, B6 and B9 in Powder Formula Milk by HPLC/DAD
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Keywords:
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QuEChERS , B Vitamins, Powder Formula Milk , HPLC/DAD
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to use HPLC/DAD to ascertain the best extraction and cleanup conditions for various forms of vitamin B in powder formula milk. The QuEChERS method’s key variables were optimized using a Box-Behnken design with 3-level 4-variable and Minimum-Run Resolution IV Screening Design. Following the selection of the best experimental setup, the suggested approach was applied to quantify four vitamins B (B2, B3, B6, and B9) in powder formula milk matrix by HPLC/PDA in accordance with AOAC and ICH guidelines. When taking into account the performance standards given in this guideline, the approach presented recovery between 83.55 and 108.43 for 4 B vitamins, which is adequate. The intra-day and inter day percentage relative standard deviations were 1.66 to 2.75% and 0.47 to 4.78%, respectively. Furthermore, the technique enabled the determination of low detection limits in less than 25 minutes of analytical time. The proposed method’s excellent accuracy, precision, and efficiency made it acceptable for regular B vitamin analysis when applied to powder formula milk samples. The findings confirmed that the modified QuEChERS technique is appropriate for routinely assessing B vitamin levels in powder formula milk matrix.
References
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Choi, S., S. Kim, J. Shin, M. Kim, and J. Kim (2015). Development and Verification for Analysis of Pesticides in Eggs and Egg Products Using QuEChERS and LC–MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 173; 1236–1242
European Medicines Agency (2005). ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1)
Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. and I. Rybicka (2015). Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Energy Drinks by HPLC with Photodiode Array and Fluorescence Detection. Food Analytical Methods, 8; 139–146
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Lehotay, S., A. Lightfield, J. Harman-Fetcho, and D. Donoghue (2001). Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Eggs by Direct Sample Introduction/Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(10); 4589–4596
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Martínez Vidal, J., A. Frenich, M. Aguilera-Luiz, and R. Romero-González (2010). Development of Fast Screening Methods for the Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397; 2777–2790
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Ministry of Health (2012a). National Standards for Formula Nutritional Products for Children Up to 12 Months Old. [QCVN 11-1/2012]
Ministry of Health (2012b). National Standards for Formula Nutritional Products for Supplementary Feeding Purposes for Children from 6 to 36 Months Old. [QCVN 11-3/2012]
Ministry of Health (2012c). National Standards for Formulated Nutritional Products for Special Medical Purposes for Children Up to 12 Months Old. [QCVN 11-2/2012]
Mnyandu, H. and P. Mahlambi (2021). Optimization and Application of QuEChERS and SPE Methods Followed by LC-PDA for the Determination of Triazines Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Pietermaritzburg Local Supermarkets. Food Chemistry, 360; 129818
Nguyen, K., L. Tran, N. Duong, X. Dai, C. Le, and K. Nguyen (2022). New QuEChERS Method for Quantification of Physalin B and D in Physalis Angulata L. in Vietnam. Pharmacia, 69(3); 883–890
Rejczak, T. and T. Tuzimski (2017). QuEChERS-Based Extraction with Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Clean-Up Using PSA and ZrO2-Based Sorbents for Determination of Pesticides in Bovine Milk Samples by HPLC-DAD. Food Chemistry, 217; 225–233
Sasaki, K., H. Hatate, and R. Tanaka (2020). Determination of 13 Vitamin B and the Related Compounds Using HPLC with UV Detection and Application to Food Supplements. Chromatographia, 83; 839–851
Suh, J., D. Yang, and B. Lee (2011). Simultaneous Determination of B Group Vitamins in Supplemented Food Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 32(8); 2648–2656
Targuma, S., P. Njobeh, and P. Ndungu (2021). Current Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Extraction of Mycotoxins, Pesticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Food Commodities. Molecules, 26(14); 4284
Vela-Soria, F., L. Iribarne-Durán, V. Mustieles, I. Jiménez-Díaz, M. Fernández, and N. Olea (2018). QuEChERS and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Parabens and Ultraviolet Filters in Human Milk Samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1546; 1–9
Viñas, P., C. López-Erroz, N. Balsalobre, and M. Hernández-Córdoba (2003). Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography on an Amide Stationary Phase for the Determination of the B Group Vitamins in Baby Foods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1007(1-2); 77–84
Zhang, H., J. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Wang (2017). Determination of 103 Pesticides and Their Main Metabolites in Animal Origin Food by QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 10(6); 1826–1843
Zhou, J., J. Xu, J. Cong, Z. Cai, J. Zhang, J. Wang, and Y. Ren (2018). Optimization for Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe Extraction of Mycotoxins and Veterinary Drugs by Response Surface Methodology for Application to Egg and Milk. Journal of Chromatography A, 1532; 20–29
Almagro, I., M. Andres, and S. Vera (2002). Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Mobile Phase Containing Sodium Dodecylsulphate and n-Propanol. Chromatographia, 55; 185–188
Anastassiades, M. and S. Lehotay (2002). Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) Approach for the Determination of Pesticide Residues. In European Pesticide Residues Workshop (EWPR), Rome, Book of Abstracts
Anastassiades, M., S. Lehotay, D. Stajnbaher, and F. Schenck (2003). Fast and Easy Multiresidue Method Employing Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and “Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction” for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86(2); 412–431
Bendryshev, A. A., E. B. Pashkova, A. V. Pirogov, and O. A. Shpigun (2010). Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Vitamin Premixes, Bioacitve Dietary Supplements, and Pharmaceutical Preparations Using High-Efficiency Liquid Chromatography with Gradient Elution. Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin, 65(4); 260–268
Chen, P. and W. R. Wolf (2007). LC/UV/MS-MRM for the Simultaneous Determination of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Multi-Vitamin Dietary Supplements. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387; 2441–2448
Choi, S., S. Kim, J. Shin, M. Kim, and J. Kim (2015). Development and Verification for Analysis of Pesticides in Eggs and Egg Products Using QuEChERS and LC–MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 173; 1236–1242
European Medicines Agency (2005). ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1)
Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. and I. Rybicka (2015). Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Energy Drinks by HPLC with Photodiode Array and Fluorescence Detection. Food Analytical Methods, 8; 139–146
González-Curbelo, M., B. Socas-Rodríguez, A. Herrera-Herrera, J. González-Sálamo, J. Hernández-Borges, and M. Rodríguez-Delgado (2015). Evolution and Applications of the QuEChERS Method. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71; 169–185
Guo, Q., S. Zhao, J. Zhang, K. Qi, Z. Du, and B. Shao (2018). Determination of Fipronil and Its Metabolites in Chicken Egg, Muscle and Cake by a Modified QuEChERS Method Coupled with LC-MS/MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 35(8); 1543–1552
Holmes, B., A. Dunkin, R. Schoen, and C. Wiseman (2015). Single-Laboratory Ruggedness Testing and Validation of a Modified QuEChERS Approach to Quantify 185 Pesticide Residues in Salmon by Liquid Chromatography–and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(21); 5100–5106
Kolberg, D., O. Prestes, M. Adaime, and R. Zanella (2011). Development of a Fast Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Dry Samples (Wheat Grains, Flour and Bran) Using QuEChERS Based Method and GC–MS. Food Chemistry, 125(4); 1436–1442
Lehotay, S., A. Lightfield, J. Harman-Fetcho, and D. Donoghue (2001). Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Eggs by Direct Sample Introduction/Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(10); 4589–4596
Ma, J., B. Zhang, Y. Wang, and X. Hou (2014). Comparison of Six Sample Preparation Methods for Analysis of Food Additives in Milk Powder. Food Analytical Methods, 7; 1345–1352
Manav, O., S. Dinc-Zor, and G. Alpdogan (2019). Optimization of a Modified QuEChERS Method by Means of Experimental Design for Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Milk and Dairy Products by GC–MS. Microchemical Journal, 144; 124–129
Martínez Vidal, J., A. Frenich, M. Aguilera-Luiz, and R. Romero-González (2010). Development of Fast Screening Methods for the Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Milk by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397; 2777–2790
Mateeva, A., M. Kondeva-Burdina, L. Peikova, S. Guncheva, A. Zlatkov, and M. Georgieva (2023). Simultaneous Analysis of Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins Through RP-HPLC/DAD in Food Supplements and Brewer’s Yeast. Heliyon, 9(1); e12806
Ministry of Health (2012a). National Standards for Formula Nutritional Products for Children Up to 12 Months Old. [QCVN 11-1/2012]
Ministry of Health (2012b). National Standards for Formula Nutritional Products for Supplementary Feeding Purposes for Children from 6 to 36 Months Old. [QCVN 11-3/2012]
Ministry of Health (2012c). National Standards for Formulated Nutritional Products for Special Medical Purposes for Children Up to 12 Months Old. [QCVN 11-2/2012]
Mnyandu, H. and P. Mahlambi (2021). Optimization and Application of QuEChERS and SPE Methods Followed by LC-PDA for the Determination of Triazines Residues in Fruits and Vegetables from Pietermaritzburg Local Supermarkets. Food Chemistry, 360; 129818
Nguyen, K., L. Tran, N. Duong, X. Dai, C. Le, and K. Nguyen (2022). New QuEChERS Method for Quantification of Physalin B and D in Physalis Angulata L. in Vietnam. Pharmacia, 69(3); 883–890
Rejczak, T. and T. Tuzimski (2017). QuEChERS-Based Extraction with Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Clean-Up Using PSA and ZrO2-Based Sorbents for Determination of Pesticides in Bovine Milk Samples by HPLC-DAD. Food Chemistry, 217; 225–233
Sasaki, K., H. Hatate, and R. Tanaka (2020). Determination of 13 Vitamin B and the Related Compounds Using HPLC with UV Detection and Application to Food Supplements. Chromatographia, 83; 839–851
Suh, J., D. Yang, and B. Lee (2011). Simultaneous Determination of B Group Vitamins in Supplemented Food Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 32(8); 2648–2656
Targuma, S., P. Njobeh, and P. Ndungu (2021). Current Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Extraction of Mycotoxins, Pesticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Food Commodities. Molecules, 26(14); 4284
Vela-Soria, F., L. Iribarne-Durán, V. Mustieles, I. Jiménez-Díaz, M. Fernández, and N. Olea (2018). QuEChERS and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Parabens and Ultraviolet Filters in Human Milk Samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1546; 1–9
Viñas, P., C. López-Erroz, N. Balsalobre, and M. Hernández-Córdoba (2003). Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography on an Amide Stationary Phase for the Determination of the B Group Vitamins in Baby Foods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1007(1-2); 77–84
Zhang, H., J. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Wang (2017). Determination of 103 Pesticides and Their Main Metabolites in Animal Origin Food by QuEChERS and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 10(6); 1826–1843
Zhou, J., J. Xu, J. Cong, Z. Cai, J. Zhang, J. Wang, and Y. Ren (2018). Optimization for Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe Extraction of Mycotoxins and Veterinary Drugs by Response Surface Methodology for Application to Egg and Milk. Journal of Chromatography A, 1532; 20–29
Authors
Thi, N.-V. N. ., Duong, N. T. ., Pham, T. T., Duong, C. N., Thi, C.-T. L., Pham, K. B. ., & Nguyen, K. T. (2024). Optimization of a Modified QuEChERS Method of Experimental Design for Vitamin B2, B3, B6 and B9 in Powder Formula Milk by HPLC/DAD. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4), 893–903. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.4.893-903
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