Tapping into the Power of Sol-Gel Method for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Titania Nanoparticles
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Keywords:
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TiO2 NPS, Antimicrobial Activity, Sol-Gel Method, Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract
Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a serious threat to global public health. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPS) synthesized using the sol-gel method. TiO2 NPS samples were prepared and characterized for morphology via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity of TiO2 NPS against Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and pathogenic fungus Aspergillus penicillioides. The results showed that TiO2 NPS effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms, with significant inhibition zones especially against fungi. The antimicrobial mechanism of TiO2 NPS involves the formation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions that damage the cell membrane of microorganisms. The implications of this study are the development of potential antimicrobial nanomaterials for biomedical and environmental applications, as well as the importance of considering the physical and chemical properties of TiO2 NPS in designing effective infection treatment strategies.
References
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Alhagri, I. A., T. F. Qahtan, M. O. Farea, A. N. Al-Hakimi, S. M. Al-Hazmy, S. E.-S. Saeed, and A. E. Albadri (2023). Enhanced Structural, Optical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of PEO/CMC Doped TiO2 NPs for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers, 15(2); 384
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Ali, M. M., M. J. Haque, M. H. Kabir, M. A. Kaiyum, and M. S. Rahman (2021). Nano Synthesis of ZnO–TiO2 Composites by Sol-gel Method and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Optical and Photocatalytic Activities. Results in Materials, 11; 100199
Andreas, Irmanto, and A. Oktaviani (2022). Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity of The Photocatalyst Polyaniline (PANI)/TiO2 in Degrading Rhodamine B Dye. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1); 126–131
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Eddy, D. R., M. D. Permana, L. K. Sakti, G. A. N. Sheha, H. Solihudin, T. Takei, N. Kumada, and I. Rahayu (2023). Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity. Nanomaterials, 13(4); 1–31
Fan, L., F. Wang, D. Zhao, X. Sun, H. Chen, H. Wang, and X. Zhang (2020). Two Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers as Multi-Functional Luminescent Sensors for the Detection of Cr(VI) Anions, Dichloronitroaniline Pesticide, and Nitrofuran Antibiotic in Aqueous Media. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 239; 118467
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Ismail, B. A., Z. H. Abd El-Wahab, O. A. M. Ali, and D. A. Nassar (2023). Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Mononuclear Mixed Ligand Complexes Based on Furfural-Type Imine Ligand, and 2,2’-Bipyridine. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 9196
Liao, C., Y. Li, and S. C. Tjong (2020). Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties. Nanomaterials, 10(1); 124
Listanti, A., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, N. Hidayat, H. Susanto, and S. Soontaranon (2019). Synthesis, Structural and Toxicity Characters of Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide/Magnetite Nanoparticles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 515(1); 012057
Mahy, J. G., L. Lejeune, T. Haynes, S. D. Lambert, R. H. M. Marcilli, C.-A. Fustin, and S. Hermans (2021). Eco Friendly Colloidal Aqueous Sol-Gel Process for TiO2 Synthesis: The Peptization Method to Obtain Crystalline and Photoactive Materials at Low Temperature. Catalysts, 11(7); 768
Mancuso, A., N. Blangetti, O. Sacco, F. S. Freyria, B. Bonelli, S. Esposito, D. Sannino, and V. Vaiano (2023). Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye under Visible Light by Fe-Doped TiO2 Prepared by Reverse Micelle Sol–Gel Method. Nanomaterials, 13(2); 271
Moradpoor, H., M. Safaei, A. Golshah, H. R. Mozaffari, R. Sharifi, M. M. Imani, and M. S. Mobarakeh (2021). Green Synthesis and Antifungal Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Oral Candida albicans Pathogen. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 130; 108748
Moustafa, H., A. E.-M. Karmalawi, and A. M. Youssef (2021). Development of Dapsone-capped TiO2 Hybrid Nanocomposites and Their Effects on the UV Radiation, Mechanical, Thermal Properties and Antibacterial Activity of PVA Bionanocomposites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 16; 100482
Mustapha, S., J. O. Tijani, M. M. Ndamitso, A. S. Abdulkareem, D. T. Shuaib, A. T. Amigun, and H. L. Abubakar (2021). Facile Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles: X-ray Peak Profile Analysis Using Williamson–Hall and Debye–Scherrer Methods. International Nano Letters, 11(3); 241–261
Mutalik, C., Y. Hsiao, Y. Chang, D. I. Krisnawati, M. Ali-mansur, A. Jazidie, M. Nuh, C. Chang, D. Wang, and T. Kuo (2020). High UV-Vis-NIR Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity by Heterostructured TiO2 FeS2 Nanocomposites. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15; 8911–8920
Nachit, W., H. Ait Ahsaine, Z. Ramzi, S. Touhtouh, I. Goncharova, and K. Benkhouja (2022). Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase-brookite TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol Gel Method at Low Temperature. Optical Materials, 129; 112256
Nikmah, A., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, Sunaryono, and H. Susanto (2021). Excellent Antimicrobial Activity of Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag Nanocomposites. Nano, 16(05); 2150049
Oemar, B., A. Arifin, D. Bahrin, D. Ramadhan, M. A. Rifqy, M. R. Tinambunan, et al. (2023). Experimental Investigation on Thermophysical and Stability Properties of TiO2/Virgin Coconut Oil Nanofluid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 178–183
Phromma, S., T. Wutikhun, P. Kasamechonchung, T. Eksangsri, and C. Sapcharoenkun (2020). Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol Gel Method. Applied Sciences, 10(3); Article 3
Rachmaniar, S., D. A. Nugraha, D. J. D. H. Santjojo, R. T. Tjahjanto, N. Mufti, and Masruroh (2024). Prevention of Particle Agglomeration in Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Addition of Surfactant. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 26(3); 45
Rahmawati, S., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, A. Nikmah, Sunaryono, and Masruroh (2020). Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Based on Biosurfactant Saccharum Officinarum Extract. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2251(1); 040035
Schutte-Smith, M., E. Erasmus, R. Mogale, N. Marogoa, A. Jayiya, and H. G. Visser (2023). Using Visible Light to Activate Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Paints and Coatings: Focus on New Developments for Frequent-Touch Surfaces in Hospitals. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 20(3); 789–817
Sumardi, Masfria, M. Basyuni, and A. W. Septama (2022). Potential of Polyisoprenoid of Mangroves as Antimicrobial and Anticancer: A Bibliometric Analysis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1); 22–28
Taufiq, A., D. Arista, Sunaryono, R. E. Saputro, N. Hidayat, S. Soontaranon, E. Handoko, and D. Darminto (2019). Investigation of Structural and Antifungal Behaviors of Nano-Sized Anatase TitaniumDioxide Synthesized by CoPrecipitation Route. Materials Science Forum, 966; 181–188
Younis, A. B., Y. Haddad, L. Kosaristanova, and K. Smerkova (2023). TitaniumDioxide Nanoparticles: Recent Progress in Antimicrobial Applications. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 15(3); e1860
Yuzer, B., M. I. Aydın, A. H. Con, H. Inan, S. Can, H. Selcuk, and Y. Kadmi (2022). Photocatalytic, Self-cleaning and Antibacterial Properties of Cu(II) Doped TiO2. Journal of Environmental Management, 302; 114023
Žerjav, G., K. Žižek, J. Zavašnik, and A. Pintar (2022). Brookite vs. Rutile vs. Anatase: What’s Behind Their Various Photocatalytic Activities? Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3); 107722
Ahmadpour Kermani, S., S. Salari, and P. Ghasemi Nejad Al-mani (2021). Comparison of Antifungal and Cytotoxicity Activities of Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Amphotericin B against Different Candida Species: In Vitro Evaluation. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 35(1); e23577
Albukhaty, S., L. Al-Bayati, H. Al-Karagoly, and S. Al-Musawi (2022). Preparation and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and In Vitro Investigation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Animal Biotechnology, 33(5); 864–870
Alghamdi, H. M., M. M. Abutalib, A. Rajeh, M. A. Mannaa, O. Nur, and E. M. Abdelrazek (2022). Effect of the Fe2O3/TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Structural, Mechanical, Electrical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of the Biodegradable Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend for Food Packaging. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(9); 3865–3874
Alhagri, I. A., T. F. Qahtan, M. O. Farea, A. N. Al-Hakimi, S. M. Al-Hazmy, S. E.-S. Saeed, and A. E. Albadri (2023). Enhanced Structural, Optical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of PEO/CMC Doped TiO2 NPs for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers, 15(2); 384
Ali, G. W., O. W. Guirguis, M. Gobara, S. F. M. Mustafa, N. A. El-Zaher, and W. I. Abdel-Fattah (2020). On the Optical Characterization and Biological Implications of Titania Phases. Optical Materials, 109; 110269
Ali, M. M., M. J. Haque, M. H. Kabir, M. A. Kaiyum, and M. S. Rahman (2021). Nano Synthesis of ZnO–TiO2 Composites by Sol-gel Method and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Optical and Photocatalytic Activities. Results in Materials, 11; 100199
Andreas, Irmanto, and A. Oktaviani (2022). Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity of The Photocatalyst Polyaniline (PANI)/TiO2 in Degrading Rhodamine B Dye. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1); 126–131
Anwar, N., M. A. Iqbal, M. Ahmed, B. Anwar, I. Abbas, S. T. Iqbal, F. Anwar, N. Mushahid, R. Y. Capangpangan, and A. C. Alguno (2023). Analyzing pH-dependent Structural Characteristics and Optical Transmittance of Titanium Dioxide. Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A, 78(3); 297–303
Eddy, D. R., M. D. Permana, L. K. Sakti, G. A. N. Sheha, H. Solihudin, T. Takei, N. Kumada, and I. Rahayu (2023). Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity. Nanomaterials, 13(4); 1–31
Fan, L., F. Wang, D. Zhao, X. Sun, H. Chen, H. Wang, and X. Zhang (2020). Two Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers as Multi-Functional Luminescent Sensors for the Detection of Cr(VI) Anions, Dichloronitroaniline Pesticide, and Nitrofuran Antibiotic in Aqueous Media. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 239; 118467
Halizah, S. N., Sunaryono, and N. M. Chusna (2023). Magnetic Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Fe3O4@ZnO/TiO2 Core-shell Nanocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2687(1); 050030
Ismail, B. A., Z. H. Abd El-Wahab, O. A. M. Ali, and D. A. Nassar (2023). Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Mononuclear Mixed Ligand Complexes Based on Furfural-Type Imine Ligand, and 2,2’-Bipyridine. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 9196
Liao, C., Y. Li, and S. C. Tjong (2020). Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties. Nanomaterials, 10(1); 124
Listanti, A., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, N. Hidayat, H. Susanto, and S. Soontaranon (2019). Synthesis, Structural and Toxicity Characters of Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide/Magnetite Nanoparticles. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 515(1); 012057
Mahy, J. G., L. Lejeune, T. Haynes, S. D. Lambert, R. H. M. Marcilli, C.-A. Fustin, and S. Hermans (2021). Eco Friendly Colloidal Aqueous Sol-Gel Process for TiO2 Synthesis: The Peptization Method to Obtain Crystalline and Photoactive Materials at Low Temperature. Catalysts, 11(7); 768
Mancuso, A., N. Blangetti, O. Sacco, F. S. Freyria, B. Bonelli, S. Esposito, D. Sannino, and V. Vaiano (2023). Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye under Visible Light by Fe-Doped TiO2 Prepared by Reverse Micelle Sol–Gel Method. Nanomaterials, 13(2); 271
Moradpoor, H., M. Safaei, A. Golshah, H. R. Mozaffari, R. Sharifi, M. M. Imani, and M. S. Mobarakeh (2021). Green Synthesis and Antifungal Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Oral Candida albicans Pathogen. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 130; 108748
Moustafa, H., A. E.-M. Karmalawi, and A. M. Youssef (2021). Development of Dapsone-capped TiO2 Hybrid Nanocomposites and Their Effects on the UV Radiation, Mechanical, Thermal Properties and Antibacterial Activity of PVA Bionanocomposites. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 16; 100482
Mustapha, S., J. O. Tijani, M. M. Ndamitso, A. S. Abdulkareem, D. T. Shuaib, A. T. Amigun, and H. L. Abubakar (2021). Facile Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles: X-ray Peak Profile Analysis Using Williamson–Hall and Debye–Scherrer Methods. International Nano Letters, 11(3); 241–261
Mutalik, C., Y. Hsiao, Y. Chang, D. I. Krisnawati, M. Ali-mansur, A. Jazidie, M. Nuh, C. Chang, D. Wang, and T. Kuo (2020). High UV-Vis-NIR Light-Induced Antibacterial Activity by Heterostructured TiO2 FeS2 Nanocomposites. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15; 8911–8920
Nachit, W., H. Ait Ahsaine, Z. Ramzi, S. Touhtouh, I. Goncharova, and K. Benkhouja (2022). Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase-brookite TiO2 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol Gel Method at Low Temperature. Optical Materials, 129; 112256
Nikmah, A., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, Sunaryono, and H. Susanto (2021). Excellent Antimicrobial Activity of Fe3O4/SiO2/Ag Nanocomposites. Nano, 16(05); 2150049
Oemar, B., A. Arifin, D. Bahrin, D. Ramadhan, M. A. Rifqy, M. R. Tinambunan, et al. (2023). Experimental Investigation on Thermophysical and Stability Properties of TiO2/Virgin Coconut Oil Nanofluid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 178–183
Phromma, S., T. Wutikhun, P. Kasamechonchung, T. Eksangsri, and C. Sapcharoenkun (2020). Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol Gel Method. Applied Sciences, 10(3); Article 3
Rachmaniar, S., D. A. Nugraha, D. J. D. H. Santjojo, R. T. Tjahjanto, N. Mufti, and Masruroh (2024). Prevention of Particle Agglomeration in Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles via Addition of Surfactant. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 26(3); 45
Rahmawati, S., A. Taufiq, A. Hidayat, A. Nikmah, Sunaryono, and Masruroh (2020). Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Based on Biosurfactant Saccharum Officinarum Extract. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2251(1); 040035
Schutte-Smith, M., E. Erasmus, R. Mogale, N. Marogoa, A. Jayiya, and H. G. Visser (2023). Using Visible Light to Activate Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Paints and Coatings: Focus on New Developments for Frequent-Touch Surfaces in Hospitals. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 20(3); 789–817
Sumardi, Masfria, M. Basyuni, and A. W. Septama (2022). Potential of Polyisoprenoid of Mangroves as Antimicrobial and Anticancer: A Bibliometric Analysis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1); 22–28
Taufiq, A., D. Arista, Sunaryono, R. E. Saputro, N. Hidayat, S. Soontaranon, E. Handoko, and D. Darminto (2019). Investigation of Structural and Antifungal Behaviors of Nano-Sized Anatase TitaniumDioxide Synthesized by CoPrecipitation Route. Materials Science Forum, 966; 181–188
Younis, A. B., Y. Haddad, L. Kosaristanova, and K. Smerkova (2023). TitaniumDioxide Nanoparticles: Recent Progress in Antimicrobial Applications. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 15(3); e1860
Yuzer, B., M. I. Aydın, A. H. Con, H. Inan, S. Can, H. Selcuk, and Y. Kadmi (2022). Photocatalytic, Self-cleaning and Antibacterial Properties of Cu(II) Doped TiO2. Journal of Environmental Management, 302; 114023
Žerjav, G., K. Žižek, J. Zavašnik, and A. Pintar (2022). Brookite vs. Rutile vs. Anatase: What’s Behind Their Various Photocatalytic Activities? Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3); 107722
Authors
Saputra, K., Masruroh, M., Susanto, H. ., & Apsari, R. . (2024). Tapping into the Power of Sol-Gel Method for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Titania Nanoparticles. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.546-555
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