The Production of Renewable Fuels Sago Dregs and Low-Density Polyethylene by Pyrolysis and its Characterization
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Keywords:
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Co-Pyrolysis , Fuel, Hydrocarbon , Low-Density Polyethylene , Sago Dreg
Abstract
Biomass has been suggested as a sustainable alternative to substitute fossil fuels. Based on the pyrolysis method, the biomass would be converted into energy through decomposition by thermal degradation under an inert atmosphere, resulting in charcoal, liquid, and gas products. The quality of oils is effectively enhanced through the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and plastic due to the facilitation of deoxygenation by plastics. This study investigates the impact of incorporating low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic in co-pyrolysis with sago dregs (SDs) waste. Pyrolysis of SDs and LDPE mixtures with ratios of 5:1, 4:2, 3:3, 2:4, and 1:5 at various temperatures of 375°C, 425°C, and 475°C. The maximum oil yield obtained for SDs and LDPE pyrolysis was 44.94%. The calorific value (CV) of all observed compositions is a minimum of 10,579.57 kcal kg-1 and a maximum of 11,545.21 kcal kg-1. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the interaction between SDs and LDPE on co-pyrolysis. The addition of LDPE will produce rich aliphatic and aromatic compounds, like the proportions of alkanes (45.53%), alkenes (30.62%), alcohol (0.4%), and benzene (17.68%). Co-pyrolysis of SDs and LDPE promotes enhanced oil production by reducing oxygenated compounds and increasing hydrocarbon compounds.
References
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Mei, Z., D. Chen, J. Zhang, L. Yin, Z. Huang, and Q. Xin (2020). Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Coupled with Self-Supplied Steam Reforming for High Quality Syngas Production and the Influence of Initial Moisture Content. Waste Management, 106; 77–87
Mishra, R. K. and K. Mohanty (2020). Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass and Waste Plastics (Polystyrene and Waste Nitrile Gloves) into Renewable Fuel and Value-Added Chemicals. Carbon Resources Conversion, 3; 145–155
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Mousazadeh, F., M. Hossein, T. Naeem, R. Daneshfar, B. Soltani, and M. Naseri (2021). Predicting the Condensate Viscosity Near the Wellbore by ELM and ANFIS-PSO Strategies. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 204; 108708
Nwadinigwe, C. A. and T. N. Alumona (2017). Assessment of n-Alkanes and Acyclic Isoprenoids (Geochemical Markers) in Crudes: A Case Study of Iraq and Niger Delta, Nigeria. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 21(1); 111–116
Ochoa, G. V., J. N. Alvarez, and C. Acevedo (2019). Research Evolution on Renewable Energies Resources from 2007 to 2017: A Comparative Study on Solar, Geothermal, Wind and Biomass Energy. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6); 242–253
Onokwai, A. O., I. P. Okokpujie, E. S. Ajisegiri, M. Oki, A. O. Adeoye, and E. T. Akinlabi (2022). Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples in Omu-Aran Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria, As Potential Fuel for Pyrolysis Yields. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11(4); 973–981
Permana, R. D., H. A. Oramahi, and F. Diba (2021). Efficacy of Liquid Smoke Produced from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against Schizophyllum commune. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 269
Razzaq, L., M. Farooq, M. A. Mujtaba, F. Sher, M. Farhan, M. T. Hassan, and M. Imran (2020). Modeling Viscosity and Density of Ethanol-Diesel-Biodiesel Ternary Blends for Sustainable Environment. Sustainability, 12(12); 5186
Remón, J., P. Arcelus-arrillaga, L. García, and J. Arauzo (2016). Production of Gaseous and Liquid Bio-Fuels from the Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oil in Sub- and Supercritical Water: Effect of Operating Conditions on the Process. Energy Conversion and Management, 119; 14–36
Remón, J., M. Casales, J. Gracia, M. S. Callén, J. L. Pinilla, and I. Suelves (2021). Sustainable Production of Liquid Biofuels and Value-Added Platform Chemicals by Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oil Over a Carbon–Neutral MO2C/CNF Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405; 126705
Roy, P. and G. Dias (2017). Prospects for Pyrolysis Technologies in the Bioenergy Sector: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77; 59–69
Ryu, H. W., D. H. Kim, J. Jae, S. S. Lam, E. D. Park, and Y. K. Park (2020). Recent Advances in Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastic Waste for the Production of PetroleumLike Hydrocarbons. Bioresource Technology, 310; 123473
Sahupala, P. and Y. Kakerissa (2022). The Utilization of Sago Due Waste as an Alternative Fuel The Utilization of Sago Due Waste as an Alternative Fuel. Engineering and Technology Journal, 7(9); 1504–1514
Samal, B., K. R. Vanapalli, B. K. Dubey, J. Bhattacharya, S. Chandra, and I. Medha (2021). Char from the Co-Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Wood and Low-Density Polyethylene for Use As High-Quality Fuel: Influence of Temperature and Polymer Concentration. Bioresource Technology, 337; 125423
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Singh, S., J. P. Chakraborty, and M. K. Mondal (2020). Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass: Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology, Characterization, and Comparison of Properties of Pyrolysis Oil from Raw Biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272; 122517
Sujesh, G., S. Ganesan, and S. Ramesh (2020). Effect of CeO2 Nano Powder As Additive in Wme Tpo Blend to Control Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine–an Experimental Study. Fuel, 278; 118177
Sun, D., W. Cai, C. Li, and J. Lu (2021). Experimental Study on Atomization Characteristics of High Energy-Density Fuels Using a Fuel Slinger. Energy, 234; 121222
Terry, L. M., C. Li, J. J. Chew, A. Aqsha, B. S. How, A. C. M. Loy, and J. Sunarso (2021). Bio-Oil Production from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Biomass and the Upgrading Technologies: A Review. Carbon Resources Conversion, 4; 239–250
Uzoejinwa, B. B., X. He, S. Wang, A. El-Fatah Abomohra, Y. Hu, and Q. Wang (2018). Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Waste Plastics As a Thermochemical Conversion Technology for High-Grade Biofuel Production: Recent Progress and Future Directions Elsewhere Worldwide. Energy Conversion and Management, 163; 468–492
Wang, Z., K. G. Burra, T. Lei, and A. K. Gupta (2021). Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic and Solid Biomass for Synergistic Production of Biofuels and Chemicals-A Review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 84; 100899
Yang, J., J. Rizkiana, W. Bambang, S. Karnjanakom, M. Kaewpanha, X. Hao, and G. Guan (2016). Fast Co-Pyrolysis of Low Density Polyethylene and Biomass Residue for Oil Production. Energy Conversion and Management, 120; 422–429
Yusuf, A. A., J. D. Ampah, I. Veza, A. E. Atabani, A. T. Hoang, A. Nippae, and I. Yahuza (2023). Investigating the Influence of Plastic Waste Oils and Acetone Blends on Diesel Engine Combustion, Pollutants, Morphological and Size Particles: Dehalogenation and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste. Energy Conversion and Management, 291; 117312
Zhang, H., J. Nie, R. Xiao, B. Jin, C. Dong, and G. Xiao (2014). Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Different Plastics (Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene) to Improve Hydrocarbon Yield in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor. Energy & Fuels, 28; 1940–1947
Zhao, H., Y. Li, Q. Song, S. Liu, L. Ma, and X. Shu (2021). Catalytic Reforming of Volatiles from Co Pyrolysis of Lignite Blended with Corn Straw Over Three Iron Ores: Effect of Iron Ore Types on the Product Distribution, Carbon-Deposited Iron Ore Reactivity and Its Mechanism. Fuel, 286; 119398
Clauser, C. and M. Ewert (2018). The Renewables Cost Challenge: Levelized Cost of Geothermal Electric Energy Compared to Other Sources of Primary Energ –Review and Case Study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82; 3683–3693
Davidson, R., A. Verma, D. Santos, F. Hao, C. Fincher, D. Zhao, and S. Banerjee (2020). Mapping Mechanisms and Growth Regimes of Magnesium Electrodeposition at High Current Densities. Materials Horizons, 7(3); 843–854
Dewangan, A., D. Pradhan, and R. K. Singh (2016). Co-Pyrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse and Low Density Polyethylene: Influence of Plastic on Pyrolysis Product Yield. Fuel, 185; 508–516
Directorate General of Oil and Gas (2018). Standards and Quality (Specifications) of RON Gasoline Fuel Oil
Djandja, O. S., Z. Wang, F. Wang, Y. Xu, and P. Duan (2020). Pyrolysis of Municipal Sewage Sludge for Biofuel Production: A Review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(39); 16939-16956
Dyer, A. C., M. A. Nahil, and P. T. Williams (2021). Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Waste Plastics As a Route to Upgraded Bio-Oil. Journal of the Energy Institute, 97; 27–36
Fulgencio-Medrano, L., S. García-Fernández, A. Asueta, A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, B. Perez Martinez, and J. Arandes (2022). Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Real Plastic Waste. Polymers, 14(3); 553
Guzmán-osorio, F. J., R. H. Adams, V. I. Domínguez-rodríguez, C. E. Lobato-garcía, and A. Guerrero-peña (2020). Alternative Method for Determining API Degrees of Petroleum in Contaminated Soil by FTIR. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 29(1); 19–44
Hammado, N., S. Utomo, and B. Budiyono (2020). Characteristic Lignocellulose of Sago Solid Waste for Biogas Production. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 18(2); 157–164
Han, P., G. Nie, J. Xie, E. Xiu-tian feng, L. Pan, X. Zhang, and J. Zou (2017). Synthesis of High-Density Biofuel with Excellent Low-Temperature Properties from Lignocellulose-Derived Feedstock. Fuel Processing Technology, 163; 45–50
Hoang, A. T. (2018). Prediction of the Density and Viscosity of Biodiesel and the Influence of Biodiesel Properties on a Diesel Engine Fuel Supply System. Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 20(5); 299–311
Huang, Y. and S. Lo (2019). Predicting Heating Value of Lignocellulosic Biomass Based on Elemental Analysis. Energy, 191; 116501
Hwang, Y., A. Farooq, S. H. Park, K. H. Kim, M. H. Lee, S. C. Choi, and Y. K. Park (2019). NH3-Induced Removal of NOx from a Flue Gas Stream by Silent Discharge Ozone Generation in a Double Reactor System. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 36(8); 1291–1297
Ivanova, L. V., V. N. Koshelev, and E. A. Burov (2014). Influence of the Hydrocarbon Composition of Diesel Fuels on Their Performance Characteristics. Petroleum Chemistry, 54(6); 466–472
Jahiding, M., R. S. Rizki, E. S. Hasan, and Mashuni (2021a). Investigating the Effect of Pyro Catalytic Temperature on Gasoline Production from Low Density Polyethylene (ldpe) Plastics Waste. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899; 012126
Jahiding, M., I. Usman, Isra, R. S. Rizki, and Mashuni (2021b). Effect of Zeolite Catalyst Concentration on Bio-Fuel Characteristics of Corncobs (Zea mays L.) Produced by Pyro-Catalytic Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1876; 012008
Ke, L., Q. Wu, N. Zhou, J. Xiong, Q. Yang, L. Zhang, and Y. Wang (2022). Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis for Aromatic Hydrocarbons Production: Pre and In-Process Enhancement Methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 165; 112607
Lahijani, P., M. Mohammadi, A. R. Mohamed, F. Ismail, K. T. Lee, and G. Amini (2022). Upgrading Biomass-Derived Pyrolysis Bio-Oil to Bio-Jet Fuel through Catalytic Cracking and Hydrodeoxygenation: A Review of Recent Progress. Energy Conversion and Management, 268; 115956
Liu, L., Y. Huang, J. Cao, C. Liu, L. Dong, L. Xu, and J. Zha (2018). Experimental Study of Biomass Gasification with Oxygen-Enriched Air in Fluidized Bed Gasifier. Science of the Total Environment, 626; 423–433
Mashuni, M. and M. Jahiding (2021). The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application. In Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research Pyrolysis. IntechOpen, London
Mei, Z., D. Chen, J. Zhang, L. Yin, Z. Huang, and Q. Xin (2020). Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Coupled with Self-Supplied Steam Reforming for High Quality Syngas Production and the Influence of Initial Moisture Content. Waste Management, 106; 77–87
Mishra, R. K. and K. Mohanty (2020). Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass and Waste Plastics (Polystyrene and Waste Nitrile Gloves) into Renewable Fuel and Value-Added Chemicals. Carbon Resources Conversion, 3; 145–155
Montoya, J. I., C. Valdés, F. Chejne, C. A. Gómez, A. Blanco, G. Marrugo, and J. Acero (2015). Bio-Oil Production from Colombian Bagasse by Fast Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed: An Experimental Study. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 112; 379–387
Mousazadeh, F., M. Hossein, T. Naeem, R. Daneshfar, B. Soltani, and M. Naseri (2021). Predicting the Condensate Viscosity Near the Wellbore by ELM and ANFIS-PSO Strategies. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 204; 108708
Nwadinigwe, C. A. and T. N. Alumona (2017). Assessment of n-Alkanes and Acyclic Isoprenoids (Geochemical Markers) in Crudes: A Case Study of Iraq and Niger Delta, Nigeria. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 21(1); 111–116
Ochoa, G. V., J. N. Alvarez, and C. Acevedo (2019). Research Evolution on Renewable Energies Resources from 2007 to 2017: A Comparative Study on Solar, Geothermal, Wind and Biomass Energy. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6); 242–253
Onokwai, A. O., I. P. Okokpujie, E. S. Ajisegiri, M. Oki, A. O. Adeoye, and E. T. Akinlabi (2022). Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples in Omu-Aran Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria, As Potential Fuel for Pyrolysis Yields. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 11(4); 973–981
Permana, R. D., H. A. Oramahi, and F. Diba (2021). Efficacy of Liquid Smoke Produced from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against Schizophyllum commune. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 269
Razzaq, L., M. Farooq, M. A. Mujtaba, F. Sher, M. Farhan, M. T. Hassan, and M. Imran (2020). Modeling Viscosity and Density of Ethanol-Diesel-Biodiesel Ternary Blends for Sustainable Environment. Sustainability, 12(12); 5186
Remón, J., P. Arcelus-arrillaga, L. García, and J. Arauzo (2016). Production of Gaseous and Liquid Bio-Fuels from the Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oil in Sub- and Supercritical Water: Effect of Operating Conditions on the Process. Energy Conversion and Management, 119; 14–36
Remón, J., M. Casales, J. Gracia, M. S. Callén, J. L. Pinilla, and I. Suelves (2021). Sustainable Production of Liquid Biofuels and Value-Added Platform Chemicals by Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oil Over a Carbon–Neutral MO2C/CNF Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405; 126705
Roy, P. and G. Dias (2017). Prospects for Pyrolysis Technologies in the Bioenergy Sector: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77; 59–69
Ryu, H. W., D. H. Kim, J. Jae, S. S. Lam, E. D. Park, and Y. K. Park (2020). Recent Advances in Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastic Waste for the Production of PetroleumLike Hydrocarbons. Bioresource Technology, 310; 123473
Sahupala, P. and Y. Kakerissa (2022). The Utilization of Sago Due Waste as an Alternative Fuel The Utilization of Sago Due Waste as an Alternative Fuel. Engineering and Technology Journal, 7(9); 1504–1514
Samal, B., K. R. Vanapalli, B. K. Dubey, J. Bhattacharya, S. Chandra, and I. Medha (2021). Char from the Co-Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Wood and Low-Density Polyethylene for Use As High-Quality Fuel: Influence of Temperature and Polymer Concentration. Bioresource Technology, 337; 125423
Saravanan, C. G., K. R. Kiran, M. Vikneswaran, P. Rajakrishnamoorthy, and S. P. Raj Yadav (2019). Impact of Fuel Injection Pressure on the Engine Characteristics of CRDI Engine Powered by Pine Oil Biodiesel Blend. Fuel, 264; 116760
Singh, S., J. P. Chakraborty, and M. K. Mondal (2020). Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass: Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology, Characterization, and Comparison of Properties of Pyrolysis Oil from Raw Biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272; 122517
Sujesh, G., S. Ganesan, and S. Ramesh (2020). Effect of CeO2 Nano Powder As Additive in Wme Tpo Blend to Control Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine–an Experimental Study. Fuel, 278; 118177
Sun, D., W. Cai, C. Li, and J. Lu (2021). Experimental Study on Atomization Characteristics of High Energy-Density Fuels Using a Fuel Slinger. Energy, 234; 121222
Terry, L. M., C. Li, J. J. Chew, A. Aqsha, B. S. How, A. C. M. Loy, and J. Sunarso (2021). Bio-Oil Production from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Biomass and the Upgrading Technologies: A Review. Carbon Resources Conversion, 4; 239–250
Uzoejinwa, B. B., X. He, S. Wang, A. El-Fatah Abomohra, Y. Hu, and Q. Wang (2018). Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Waste Plastics As a Thermochemical Conversion Technology for High-Grade Biofuel Production: Recent Progress and Future Directions Elsewhere Worldwide. Energy Conversion and Management, 163; 468–492
Wang, Z., K. G. Burra, T. Lei, and A. K. Gupta (2021). Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Plastic and Solid Biomass for Synergistic Production of Biofuels and Chemicals-A Review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 84; 100899
Yang, J., J. Rizkiana, W. Bambang, S. Karnjanakom, M. Kaewpanha, X. Hao, and G. Guan (2016). Fast Co-Pyrolysis of Low Density Polyethylene and Biomass Residue for Oil Production. Energy Conversion and Management, 120; 422–429
Yusuf, A. A., J. D. Ampah, I. Veza, A. E. Atabani, A. T. Hoang, A. Nippae, and I. Yahuza (2023). Investigating the Influence of Plastic Waste Oils and Acetone Blends on Diesel Engine Combustion, Pollutants, Morphological and Size Particles: Dehalogenation and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste. Energy Conversion and Management, 291; 117312
Zhang, H., J. Nie, R. Xiao, B. Jin, C. Dong, and G. Xiao (2014). Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Different Plastics (Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene) to Improve Hydrocarbon Yield in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor. Energy & Fuels, 28; 1940–1947
Zhao, H., Y. Li, Q. Song, S. Liu, L. Ma, and X. Shu (2021). Catalytic Reforming of Volatiles from Co Pyrolysis of Lignite Blended with Corn Straw Over Three Iron Ores: Effect of Iron Ore Types on the Product Distribution, Carbon-Deposited Iron Ore Reactivity and Its Mechanism. Fuel, 286; 119398
Authors
Jahiding, M., Mashuni, M., Handayani Hamid, F., Sitti Ilmawati, W. O. ., & Hamdana, R. (2024). The Production of Renewable Fuels Sago Dregs and Low-Density Polyethylene by Pyrolysis and its Characterization. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.565-576
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